32

Solubility

G = H - T S
G Gibbs free energy change
H Change in enthalpy
S Change in entropy
Solubility occurs if G decreases
Solubility Parameter

E heat of vaporization
V is the volume
Enthalpy of mixing

1 partial volume of solvent

2 partial volume of solute (polymer)
1 solubility parameter of solvent
2 solubility parameter of solute (polymer)
Solubility parameter
Solubility Product
Solubility parameter

D density of polymer
G molar attraction constant
M molecular weight of repeating unit
Molar attraction constants
Solubility parameters of typical
solvents
Solubility parameters of polymers
Solubility parameter of polymers
Relationship of polymer properties to
molecular weight
Molecular weight Distribution

++++ Broad distribution

ooo Narrow distribution
------- bimodal distribution
Number-average molecular weight
Weight average molecular weight
Z-average molecular weight
Molecular weight disributions
Elevation of boiling point
Depression of freezing point

R universal gas constant

T boiling or freezing point
C concentration of polymer
H latent heat of vaporization or fusion
T elevation of boiling point or depression in freezing point
V specific volume = 1/
by a semipermeable membrane from a solution containing a nontransportable material
(polymer)
as a function of time, where t1 represents the initial measuring tube levels, t2, the levels
after an
elapsed time, and t3 the levels when the static equilibrium occurs.
Automatic membrane osmometer. (Courtesy of Hewlett-Packard Company.)
Osmotic pressure measurements

R universal gas constant

T absolute temperature
C concentration of polymer
B second virial coefficient
Osmotic pressure
Intersect = number average molecular weight
Slope = second virial coefficient
A sketch of a vapor pressure osmometer
Common solution viscometers: (1) Cannon-Fenske Opaque, (2) Cannon-Ubbelohde
Semi-Micro Dilution, (3) Cannon-Manning Semi-Micro, (4) Cannon-Fenske Routine, (5)
Cannon-

Ubbelohde Shear Dilution.

Relative Viscosity
Viscometry terms
Huggins and kreamers equation
Huggins and kreamers equation
Mark-Houwink equation
Gel permeation chromatography
Gel permeation chromatography
Turbidity of polymers
Turbidity of polymers
Turbidity of polymers
Sedimentation of polymers
Typical molecular weight distribution
methods