Lecture 1

Presented By
Firoz Mahmud
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

10/1/2017
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Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved
1-1 Introduction to Digital 1s and 0s
A large part of the worldwide telecommunications

system falls in the category of digital systems.
It started as a simple digital system that used only
two states to represent information.
A telegraph system consisted of a battery, a code key (normally open,

momentary contact switch), a telegraph wire, and an electromagnetic clacker.
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Introduction to Digital 1s and 0s
The telegraph system used two distinct symbols

to transmit any word or number.
Short & long electric pulses, the dots & dashes of
Morse codea digital representation of information.
The electric signal is either on or off at all times.
This relates to modern digital systems that use
electrical signals to represent 1s and 0s.

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Introduction to Digital 1s and 0s
A timing diagram shows which state (1 or 0) the

system is in at any point in time.
And shows the time when a change in state occurs.

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Numerical Representations
Physical systems use quantities which must be

manipulated arithmetically.
Quantities may be represented numerically in
either analog or digital form.

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Analog Representationa continuously variable,

proportional indicator.
Sound through a microphone causes voltage
changes.
Automobile speedometer changes with speed.
Mercury thermometer varies over a range of values
with temperature.

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In 1875, Alexander Graham Bell figured out how to

change his voice into a continuously variable
electrical signal, send it through a wire, and
change it back to sound energy at the other end.
Today, the device that converts

sound energy to an analog voltage
signal is known as a microphone.

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Digital Representationvaries in discrete

(separate) steps.
Passing time is shown as a change in the display
on a digital clock at one minute intervals.
A change in temperature is shown on a digital
display only when the temperature changes
at least one degree.

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Digital and Analog Systems
Digital system:
A combination of devices that manipulate values
represented in digital form.
Analog system:
A combination of devices that manipulate values
represented in analog form.

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Advantages of digital:
Ease of design:
Using switching circuit.
Not aware of exact value.
Only HIGH and LOW is consider.
Information storage is easy:
Special device is used like FF.
In FF can store huge and hold as much you
required.
Accuracy and precision are easier to maintain:
Digital bit is not changed but in analog voltage and
current can change frequently.

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Advantages of digital: Contd

Programmable operation:
Only need two stage so easy to program.
Less affected by noise:
Exact value is not required here, so noise can not
harm this system.
Ease of fabrication on IC chips.
Plenty of IC are available in digital system.
Easy to design digital IC.

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There are limits to digital techniques:

The real world is analog.
Processing digitized signals takes time.
The analog nature of the world requires a time
consuming conversion process:
1. Convert the physical variable to an electrical
signal (analog).
2. Convert the analog signal to digital form.
3. Process (operate on) the digital information.
4. Convert the digital output back to real-world
analog form.

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A digital system is a combination of devices

designed to manipulate logical information or
physical quantities represented in digital form.
Quantities can take on only discrete values.
An analog system manipulates physical quantities
represented in analog form.
Quantities can vary over a continuous range
of values.

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Party-line callers encoded a persons ID by the

way they cranked their telephone.
The signaling (rings) used digital representation,

but voice communication was purely analog.

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The rotary-dial phone used a series of pulses,

representing the ten decimal digits.
In touch-tone phones, digital switching

information is sent using analog tone signals.
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The cell phone has digital

& analog components, and
uses both types of signals.

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Temperature-regulation system
using an analog-to-digital converter.

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Digital Number Systems
Understanding digital systems requires an

understanding of the decimal, binary, octal,
and hexadecimal numbering systems.
Decimal 10 symbols (base 10)
Hexadecimal 16 symbols (base 16)
Octal 8 symbols (base 8)
Binary 2 symbols (base 2)

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The Decimal (base 10) System

10 symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , 7, 8, 9.
Each number is a digit.
Most significant digit (MSD) & least significant digit (LSD).

Positional value may be stated as a digit multiplied by a power of 10.
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Decimal
Counting

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The Binary (base 2) System

2 symbols: 0,1
Lends itself to electronic circuit design since only
two different voltage levels are required.
Positional value may

be stated as a digit
multiplied by a
power of 2.

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Binary
Counting

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Relax Time :D

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Lecture 1

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Presented By

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

A large part of the worldwide telecommunications

A telegraph system consisted of a battery, a code key (normally open,

The telegraph system used two distinct symbols

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

A timing diagram shows which state (1 or 0) the

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Physical systems use quantities which must be

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Analog Representationa continuously variable,

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

In 1875, Alexander Graham Bell figured out how to

Today, the device that converts

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Digital Representationvaries in discrete

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Advantages of digital: Contd

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

There are limits to digital techniques:

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

A digital system is a combination of devices

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Party-line callers encoded a persons ID by the

The signaling (rings) used digital representation,

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The rotary-dial phone used a series of pulses,

In touch-tone phones, digital switching

The cell phone has digital

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Understanding digital systems requires an

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The Decimal (base 10) System

Most significant digit (MSD) & least significant digit (LSD).

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The Binary (base 2) System

Positional value may

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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