VxWorks 5.

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Group A3:
Wafa Jaffal
Kathryn Bean

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 Topics Covered
What is Real Time Operating System (RTOS)
Standard for RTOS
VxWorks Features as RTOS
Layer Structure
Microkernal Functions:
Multitasking
Scheduling
Interrupt Service Code
Shared Code and Reentrancy
Intertask Communications
Applications for VxWorks 2
 What is Real Time OS
(RTOS)
RTOS Characteristics
Processing must be done within a time constraint or the
system will fail.
All delays in the system will be bounded; from the retrieval of
stored data to the time RTOS finishes the request.

Types of RTOS
Hard RTOS

Soft RTOS

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 Standard for RTOS
Standard requirement for RTOS
POSIX 1003.1b by ISO/IEEE chapter.

POSIX interfaces:

Asynchronous I/O Queued signals

Semaphore Scheduling

Message queues Clocks and timers

Memory management

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VxWorks OS as RTOS

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Layer Structure

Real-Time Embedded Application

Graphics Multiprocessing Internet

Java Support POSIX Library File System

WindNet Networking

Core OS:
Wind Microkernal
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Multitasking
P R D

S
Suspended used primarily for debugging

Ready wait for CPU,

a single primitive=create+activate
Pended blocked, wait t time for recourses. After
t - Error.
Delay asleep for t time, after t goes to ready state.
On a context switch, a tasks context is saved in TCB. All code
executes in a single common space. Memory isnt saved. 7
 Scheduling, One CPU
Priority-based preemptive scheduling
Each task has priority (from 0 - highest to 255 -
lowest). Each priority has its own queue.
If two tasks are in the ready state, a lower priority task
would be pre-empted by one of a higher priority.
Round-robin scheduling
After time slice for a task expires, another task with the
same priority will execute during the given time slice.

Preemption locks
These locks prevent task context switching, but do not
prevent interrupt handling.
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 Interrupt Service Code
Via interrupts, the system is informed of external
events.

Interrupt Service Routines (ISRs) run outside any

task context.

Interrupt handling involves no task context switch.

Limitations of ISR:
All ISRs share the same stack
ISR has no context that can be suspended
Cannot take the semaphore, but can give the
semaphores, releasing any task waiting on them.
Cannot perform I/O through drivers except pipe. 9
 Shared Code and
Reentrancy
Shared Code - a single copy of code executed by multiple
tasks.
Shared Code must be reentrant. A subroutine is reentrant if a
single copy of the routine can be called simultaneously from
several task contexts without conflict.
Reentrancy Techniques:
Dynamic Stack Variables
Global and Static Variables Guarded by Semaphores
Task Variables

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 Shared Code and
Reentrancy, Continued
Dynamic Stack Variables

Tasks Task Stacks Common Function

Task1( ){ .. myData1
comFun(myData1)
} comFun(yourData){
}
Task2( ){ ..
comFun(myData2)
myData2
}
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 Shard Code and
Reentrancy, Continued

Guarded Global and Static Variables

Mutual-exclusion mechanism - only one task at a time
can be in a critical section of the code.

Task Variables
Four byte variables are added to the task context
block (TCB).

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 Intertask Communications,
One CPU
Types of Intertask Communications:

Shared Data

Message Queue

Pipes - Virtual I/0

Network Intertask Communication

Sockets
Remote Procedure Call

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Intertask Communication,
Shared Data
Tasks Memory

1. Access SharData

2. Access SharData SharData

3. Access SharData

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 Semaphores
Semaphore - mechanism for mutual exclusion and intertask
communication.
Binary Semaphore

NO NO Task is
Semaphore TimeOut= pended for
available No_Wait timeOut

YES YES

Task cont. Task cont.

Semaphore Semaphore
taken not taken
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 Semaphores, Continued
Counting Semaphore
Every time is semaphore is given count ++
Every time is semaphore is taken count --
If count=0, task that tried to take semaphore is blocked
If semaphore is given and task is blocked, task is
unblocked
Is semaphore is given and no tasks are
blocked, count ++

Special Semaphore Option (Not in POSIX)

Timeout
Time the task is willing to wait (time in ticks) in pended
state. If time > timeout, ERROR occurs. 16
 Intertask Communication,
Message Queue
Allows a variable number of messages to be queued
Any task or ISR can send a message to a queue.
Multiple tasks can send and receive from the same
message queue.

Timeout Parameter:
Send message: how long to wait for buffer space
to place message.
Receive message: how long to wait to obtain
message.

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 Applications for VxWorks
Some usage of RTOS

Flight simulators Printers

Radio and optical telescopes
Navigation systems
Deep sea instrumentation
Traffic control systems
Modems
Digital cameras
Hand-held computing
devices
Routers, switches, and
other network devices

any systems where rigid time requirement have been

placed on the operation of a processor or the flow of the data.
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Thank You
Any Questions ?

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 Bibliography

VxWorks 5.4 Programmer Guide

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