CHNG III

AN TOAN MI CHT LNH

V HOA CHT

I. PHN LOAI C TINH VA TAC HAI CUA HOA CHT

II. MT S CHT C THNG GP VA TAC HAI CUA NO

III. BIN PHAP PHONG CHNG NHIM C NGH NGHIP

1
 3.1. PHN LOI MI CHT LNH

3.1.1.Theo tnh chy n phn thnh 3 loi:

Nhm1: Cc loi ga c c tnh: Khng chy, khng gy n, khng
c hi ng k vi ngi
Nhm 2: Bt chy gii hn ln hn 3,5% theo th tch, c tnh c
hi v n mn
Nhm 3: Bt chy gii hn di 3,5% theo th tch. Nhm ny
khng quy nh v c hi
3.1.2. Theo tiu chun ca M chia thnh 6 nhm:
- Nhm 1 khng chy
- Nhm 2 gii hn chya n trn 3,5%
- Nhm 3 gii hn chya n di 3,5%
- Nhm A Khng c hi
- Nhm B c hi v n mn
- Kt hp thnh 6 nhm: A1, B1; A2, B2; A3,B3.

2
 GAS LNH THUC NHOM 1

Cc loi ga c c tnh: Khng chy, khng gy n, khng

c hi ng k vi ngi. Thuc nhm ny gm c:
R11 : Tricloflometan CCL3F
R12 : Diclodiflometan CCL2F2
R13 : Clotriflometan CClF3
R22 : Clodiflometan CHClF2
R23 : Triflometan CHF3
R113 : Triflotrifloetan CCL2FCCLF2
R114 : Diclotetrafloetan CClF2CClF2
R115 : Clopentafloetan CClF2CF3
R500 : 73,8% R12/ 26,2% R152a
R502 : 48,8% R22/ 51,2% R115

3
 GAS LNH THUC NHOM 2

- c hi, c kh nng chy n, nhng gii hn trn 3,5%

nng th tch
- Thuc nhm ny c: R717 (NH3); R30(CH2CL2), R40(
CH3CL)
- Nhm ny ch NH3 l ph bin.

GAS LNH THUC NHOM 3

D gy chy n hn vi gii hn chy di 3,5% nng

th tch, mc c thp hn nhm 2.
Tiu biu nhm ny :
Etan, propan, Butan
izobutan, etylen, propylen.

4
 3.1.3. PHN LOI THEO C HI
Bng 3.1. c mi cht lnh c chia thnh 6 loi. Mc
c hi gim dn t loi 1 n loi 6 theo bng sau:

Mi cht lnh c MCL c % th Thi gian cht,

tch KK tn thng (ph)
Sunfua anhydric SO2 1 0,5 - 1,0 5
Amoniac NH3 2 0,5 - 1,0 30

Cloruamtyl CH3Cl 3 2,5 - 3,0 60

F 21, F142 4 20 - 25 60
F 11, F22 CO2 5 25 - 30 60
F12 F114 6 30 120

5
 TNH CHY N

- Trong iu kin bnh thng cc mi cht lnh khng

gy chy n.
- Khi hn hp vi khng kh nhiu loi mi cht d bt la
gy chy v n.
- Tnh chy n ca mi mi cht lnh ph thuc vo nng
khi hn hp vi khng kh.
- Tnh chy n cn ph thuc vo nhit mi trng tip
xc ca mi cht.
- NH3 gy n vi thy ngn v n mn ng, cc hp kim
ng ( tr ng thau)
- Sau y l bng nhit bt la v gy n ca mt s
loi mi cht lnh

6
 Bng 3.2. Nhit bt la v gy n ca mt s MCL

Mi cht lnh Nhit Nng MCL c Nng gh

bt la C % th tch KK g/m3

Amoniac NH3 651 13,0 - 27,0 92-100

Clorua mtyl CH3Cl 632 2,1 - 7,3 39-134

Clorua etyl C2H5Cl 519 3,7 - 14,0 100- 375

Etan C2H6 530 20 - 25 39 -190

Etylen C2H4 540 3,8 48

CO2 & freon Khng ch, n

7
3.2. CC YU CU VN CHUYN VA BO QUN CHAI GA
3.2.1. YU CU NHA CHA CHAI GAS
Kho cha ga ti thiu cch nh sn xut 20m, nh
50m, cng trnh cng cng 50m
Kho lm bng vt liu khng cha, mt tng, ca m
ra chiu cao kho khng di 3,0m,
Nn nh bng phng khng trn trt.
Kho thng gi t nhin, c qut thng gi khi nhit
cao qu.
Kho cha gas phi c chng st v phng chy.
Khng cho cp in i qua nh cha gas.
Cm ht thuc v ngn la trn trong kho cha gas
Chiu sng y
9. Nim yt khng phn s min vo, cm ht thuc.

8
 3.2.2. YU CU I VI CHAI CHA GAS
a. Chai cha gas:
- Thnh chai phi nhn, khng r st, khng rn nt, khng
mp mo, kim nh dng quy nh.
- Mu sc chai ng quy nh
b. Vn chuyn chai ga
- Chn k trnh va chm
- Khng th chai ri t do t trn xe xung t.
c. Sa cha chai gas
- Cm sa cha khi bn trong cn gas
- Cm dng ba p m van khi trong cahi cn gas
- Nghim cm h nng chai khi np gas.
- Khi m hng u van ra ngoi

9
 3.3. S PH HY MI SINH CA CC CHT CFC

3.3.1. Tng qut

- Nm 1950 pht hin suy gim tng ozon nhng cha r
nguyn nhn.
- Nm 1975 Khng nh mi cht lnh freon CFC ph hy
tng ozon kh quyn cc cht ny gi chung l ODS
( Ozon Depletion Substances ).
- Nm 1985 ra i cng c Vin
- Nm 1987 Ngh nh th Montreal v ODS
- Nm 1990 Hi ngh quc t ti Lun n v ODS
- Nm 1991 Hi ngh quc t ti Naiobi v ODS
- Nm 1992 Hi ngh quc t ti Caphenhagen v ODS
- Nm 1994 Vit Nam chnh thc tham gia cng c Vin
v ngh nh th Montreal

10
 3.3.2. S PH HY TNG OZON CA CC CHT CFC

1. Khi nim v ozon

- Ozon l phn t kh gm 3 nguyn t xy
- Ozon c hnh thnh do qu trnh quang
ha kh quyn tri t.
- Phn t O3 kh nng c bit trong vic
hp th tia bc x t ngoi c hi.
- Ozon c kh nng ngn cn tia cc tm m
oxy khng c kh nng
- Nh vy tng ozon b ph hu th kh nng
lc tia cc tm cng khng cn v gy ra
nhiu tc hi

11
 3.4. HIU NG LNG KNH
1. Tc dng ca hiu ng lng knh
- Nhit trung bnh ca tri t 15C, nhit ny n nh
nh hiu ng lng knh do cn bng CO2 v hi nc.
- Tc dng ny cho cc tia nng lng mt tri sng ngn i
qua d dng, phn x li tia nng lng sng di pht ra t
mt tri lm nng tri t.
2. Lng knh l g?
- L hp thu nng lng mt tri trn tm knh trng, di tm
thu nng lng mt tri mu en, xung quanh vt liu cch
nhit.
- nh sng mt tri c bc sng rt ngn c tm thu nng
lng mu en hp th
- Tm thu nng lng mu en pht ra tia bc x nng lng
sng di.
- Tm knh trng phn x hu ht tia bc x sng di.
- Lng knh c kh nng by cc tia nng lng mt tri bin
thnh nhit s dng cho cc mc ch khc.
12
 2. Tc hi khi mt tng ozon ca kh quyn

Tng kh nng mc bnh ung th da.

Tng kh nng mc bnh v mt.
Gim kh nng khng ca c th.
Lm chm tc pht trin ca ng thc vt.
Mt kh nng cn bng sinh thai bin.
Gim tui th vt liu xy dng.
Lm thay i thi tit v kh hu ton cu.
Theo gio s Sherwood Powland v Malio Molina
th cc hp cht c tn Chlofuorocarbon (CFC) s dng
lm mi cht lnh l tc nhn gy nn s suy gim tng
ozon kh quyn

13
 3. C ch ph hy tng ozon ca cc cht CFC

C ch ph hy ozon ca cc cht CFC c m t nh sau:

CCl3F Cl CCl2F
Cl O3 ClO O2
ClO O Cl O2
Ti tng bnh lu cc cht CFC hp th cc photon nng lng cao
t nh sng v gii phng ra clo t do.
- Clo t do ph hy O3 thnh O2 v oxy nguyn t.Thng qua mt
chui cc phn ng di s tham gia xc tc ca clo t do c th
ph hy hng chc ngn n hng trm ngn phn t ozon
Thng thng lng ozon kh quyn trng thi cn bng ng.
Nhng nm gn y s cn bng ny b ph v. V lng cht CFC
thi vo kh quyn hng chc nm nay ang c mt ti tng bnh
lu ca kh quyn.
Cc freon tong phn t cn cha nguyn t hydro gi l cc cht
HCFC th ph hy ozon t hn so vi CFC nhiu ln

14
3.5. PHAN LOAI OC TNH VA TAC HAI CUA HOA
CHAT

3.5.1. Phan loai thong dung

1. Phan loai theo oi tng s dung, nguon goc,
trang thai va ac iem nhan biet:
Theo oi tng s dung hoa chat nh:
- Theo nguon goc hoa chat
- Theo trang thai pha cua hoa chat nh: hoa chat
dang ran, hoa chat dang long va kh
- Theo ac iem nhan biet nh trc giac tc thi
cua con ngi (qua mau sac, mui, v) hay phan
tch bang may.
- Theo tac hai nhan biet cua chat oc lam giam
sut sc khoe cua ngi lao ong khi tiep xuc
vi hoa chat thi gian ngan gay ra nhiem
oc cap tnh (hoac chan thng do oc) con
thi gian dai gay ra nhiem oc man tnh.
15
 3.5. PHAN LOAI OC TNH VA TAC HAI CUA HOA
CHAT
3.5.2. Phan loai theo tac hai chu yeu cua hoa
chat en c the ngi:
a. Kch thch va gay bong:
- Tac ong kch thch cua hoa chat lam hai chc
nang hoat ong cua cac bo phan c the tiep
xuc vi hoa chat nh da, mat, ng ho hap...c
monic
b. D ng:
- Hien tng d ng hoa chat thng xay ra vi da
va ng ho hap sau khi ngi lao ong tiep
xuc trc tiep vi hoa chat.
c. Gay ngat th (do oxy khong u cho nhu cau hoat
ong cua cac to chc trong c the)
- Co hai dang la ngat th n thuan va ngat th
hoa hoc thng do tac ong cua kh oc.

16
d. Gay me va gay te
- Cac hoa chat gay me va gay te nh etalnol
C2H5OH, axeton, axetylen, hydrocacbua, etyl isopropul
ete, H2S, xang,...
- Khi tiep xuc thng xuyen vi mot trong cac hoa
chat gay me va gay te tren, neu nong o
thap se gay nghien, con neu nong o cao co
the lam suy yeu he than kinh trung ng, gay ngat,
tham ch dan ti t vong.
e. Gay tac hai en he thong cac c quan chc
nang
- Tac hai cua hoa chat lam can tr hay gay ton
thng en mot hay nhieu c quan chc nang, co
quan he mat thiet vi nhau nh gan, than, he than
kinh, he sinh duc lam anh hng lien i toan bo
c the, goi la nhiem oc he thong.
- Mc o nhiem oc he thong tuy thuoc loai, lieu17
lng, thi gian tiep xuc vi hoa chat...
g. Ung th
- Sau khi tiep xuc vi mot so hoa chat
thng sau khoang 4 - 40 nam se dan ti
khoi u ung th do s phat trien t do cua
te bao.
V tr ung th nghe nghiep thng
khong gii han v tr tiep xuc.
h. H thai ( quai thai)
- Cac hoa chat nh thuy ngan Hg, kh gay
me, cac dung moi hu c co the can
tr qua trnh phat trien cua bao thai
nhat la trong 3 thang au, ac biet la
cac to chc quan trong nh nao, tim, gan,
tay va chan se gay ra bien dang bao thai
lam h thai (gay quai thai).
18
i. Anh hng en cac the he tng lai
- Cac hoa chat tac ong en c the ngi
gay ot bien gen, tao nen nhng bien oi
khong bnh thng cho the he tng lai, nh
hau qua cua chat oc ioxin mot hoa
chat cc oc, mot ham lng tap nho co
trong chat diet co 2,4,5-T (ch can 80g ioxin
u giet chet hang trieu ngi cua thanh
pho).
j. Benh bui phoi
- Benh bui phoi la benh do lang ong lau
ngay cac hat bui nho (thng nho di
1/7000mm) thay vung trao oi kh cua
phoi, gay cho benh nhan hien tng ho d
ng keo dai, th ngan va gap trong
nhng hoat ong dung nhieu sc lc.
19
3.6. MOT SO CHAT OC THNG GAP VA TAC HAI
CUA NO

1. Ch va hp chat cua ch:

a. Ch (pb)
+ Ch co the vao c the qua ng ho hap, tieu
hoa va qua da, lam suy nhc than kinh, roi loan
tieu hoa, nhiem oc mau.
+ Khi nhiem ch cap tnh: thng la au bung d
doi, ot ngot, kem theo huyet ap cao, mach cham.
+ Khi nhiem oc man tnh: gay suy nhc than kinh,
roi loan cam giac, te liet, bach cau giam, viem da
day, viem ruot.
- Nen kham sc khoe nh ky,
- Qua xet nghiem mau va nc tieu e phat
hien benh co bien phap cha tr sm.

20
3.6. MOT SO CHAT OC THNG GAP VA TAC HAI
CUA NO
b. Tetraetin ch Pb(C2H5)4 va Tetrametin ch
Pb(CH3)4:
- Vi nong o 0,182 mg/lt khong kh se gay chet
suc vat sau 18 gi.
-oi vi ngi gay hng phan manh, roi loan giac
ngu...
- Tetraetin ch Pb(C2H5)4 tac hai gap 5 lan
Tetrametin ch Pb(CH3)4.
2. Benzen (C6H6):
- Hi cua benzen oc, co the gay chet ngi.
- Nong o oc t 0,3 mg/lt khong kh (100 cm3/m3).
- Hi benzen xam nhap vao ng ho hap lam
giam hong cau.
- Neu nong o len en 64 mg / lt se gay chet
ot ngot.
- Ngo oc man tnh benzen the hien nh thieu
mau, non ma, chay mau cam va xuat huyet 21
3. Thuy ngan (Hg):
- La kim loai nang trang thai long, soi 37 0C va
boc hi nhiet o bnh thng.
- Hi thuy ngan xam nhap vao c the qua ho hap,
tieu hoa va da.
Thng la nhiem oc man tnh, co tac hai en
he than kinh giam tr nh, roi loan tieu hoa, roi
loan chc nang gan. Hi thuy ngan xam nhap vao
c the co the tch tu lai gan, la lach, than lam
tac hai lau dai cho c the.
- Vi phu n con co tac hai xau hn (gay roi loan
kinh nguyet, au bung, de say thai,).
- Nong o cho phep cua hi thuy ngan trong khu vc
san xuat 0,01 mg/m3 khong kh.
4. Cacbon oxit (CO):
Nhiem oc cap tnh thng gay ra au au, u tai,
chong mat, buon non, met moi, sut can

22
3.7. BIEN PHAP PHONG CHONG NHIEM OC NGHE
NGHIEP

1. Bien phap ky thuat:

- Loai tr nguyen lieu oc trong san xuat hoac
dung chat t oc.
- Cam dung ch trong san xuat sn mau, thay the
ch trang bang kem hay Titan. Dung xang, con
thay benzen.
- Thiet b cha chat oc can bao kn, chong ro r,
boc hi.
- To chc hp ly hoa qua trnh san xuat.
- Ni co chat oc bo tr rieng, cuoi chieu gio.
- He thong thong gio tot.
- Thng xuyen kiem tra an toan cac thiet b,
phat hien cac h hong va kp thi sa cha.
- Huan luyen cong nhan biet cach phong chong
nhiem oc.
23
2. Dung cu phong ho ca nhan:
Mat ma phong oc.
- Loai mat na bnh loc: Dung cho ni co oxy tren 16%
khong kh vao bo phan loc en cung cap cho cong
nhan.
- Loai mat na cach ly co bnh o xi: Dung cho ni co
di 16% oxy khong kh bnh oxy cung cap cho cong
nhan.
- Quan ao bao ve chong hi, bui chat long oc can
phai che kn co, tay, chan, ngc. Neu can con trang b
gang tay, ung cao su.
3. Bien phap y te:
- Cong nhan tiep xuc vi chat oc can nh ky 3-6-12
thang kham benh e kiem tra sc khoe.
- Neu thay co nhiem oc nghe nghiep phai kp thi
ieu tr, giam nh kha nang lao ong va bo tr ni
lam viec thch hp.
- Cong nhan thng xuyen tiep xuc chat oc can co 24
Hnh 5.3. Mt s phng tin bo v c nhn khi tip xc vi ha cht
25