Chng 5.

An ton in
5.1. Khi nim chung
5.1.1. Khi nim
Ngi b in git l do tip xc vi phn t c in p hay ni mt
cch khc l do c dng in chy qua c th ngi. Dng in chy qua
c th ngi s gy ra cc tc dng sau y:
Tc dng nhit: Lm chy bng thn th, thn kinh, tim, no v cc c
quan ni tng khc gy ra cc ri lon nghim trng v chc nng.
Tc dng in phn: Biu hin vic phn ly mu v cc cht lng
hu c dn n ph hu thnh phn ho l ca mu v cc t bo.
Tc dng sinh l: Gy ra s hng phn v kch thch cc t chc sng
dn n co rt cc bp tht trong c tim v phi. Kt qu c th a
n ph hoi, thm ch lm ngng hn hot ng ca h h hp v tun
hon.
Tai nn v in
 Chng 5. An ton in
5.1.2. Cc nguyn nhn v tc hi ch yu do in git
Tim ngng p l trng hp nguy him nht v thng d cu sng nn
nhn hn l ngng th v sc in. Tc dng dng in n c tim c th gy
ra ngng tim hoc rung tim. Rung tim l hin tng co rt nhanh v ln xn cc
si c tim lm cho cc mch mu trong c th b ngng hot ng dn n tim
ngng p hon ton.
Ngng th thng xy ra nhiu hn so vi ngng tim, ngi ta thy bt u
kh th do s co rt do c dng in 20 - 25mA tn s 50Hz chy qua c th.
Nu dng in tc dng lu th s co rt cc c lng ngc mnh thm dn n
ngt th, dn dn nn nhn mt thc, mt cm gic ri ngt th cui cng tim
ngng p v cht lm sng.
Sc in l phn ng phn x thn kinh c bit ca c th do s hng phn
mnh bi tc dng ca dng in dn n ri lon nghim trng tun hon, h
hp v qu trnh trao i cht. Tnh trng sc in ko di vi chc pht cho
n mt ngy m, nu nn nhn c cu cha kp thi th c th bnh phc.
Nguyn nhn b in git
 Chng 5. An ton in

Bng dng in tc dng khi i qua c th ngi

 Chng 5. An ton in
5.2. An ton in i vi con ngi khai thc
5.2.1. Cc phng tin khi cu nn nhn b in git
a. Dng c cch in: Chc nng ca cc dng c cch in l cch in gia ngi
thc hin cng vic vi cc phn c dn in bao gm:
Gy cch in: Dng ngt in v t dy ni mt.
Km cch in: Dng thay th v lp t cu ch.
Gng, giy, ng, thm tay cch in.
Lu : Cc phng tin, dng c cch in mt nm phi c kim tra li mt ln
theo quy nh ca ng kim.
b. Dng c kim tra
H thng n v ng h o cch in trn cc bng in chnh, s c v c quy.
Dng c cm tay: Bt th in, ng h m ga m.
c. Dng c an ton, thng bo
Cc tm che chn, knh bo h, bng thng bo, dy bo him, thang v cc gh
nng....
 Chng 5. An ton in

5.2.2. Nhng vic cn lm khi cu ngi b in git

Qua tng kt v nghin cu ngi ta thy 90% con ngi b in git
v t vong l do khng hiu bit v cp cu. V vy cn phi bit v cp
cu c tin hnh tun t:
a. Tch nn nhn ra khi dng in cn lu :
Khng c php ng tay vo thn th nn nhn.
Khng c php dng c hai tay ko nn nhn ra.
Khng ng trn sn t ko nn nhn.
Khng ng gn thit b in ang c in p cao.
Khng c mt thng bng khi cp cu nn nhn.
Tch nn nhn
 Chng 5. An ton in
b. Xc nh trng thi sc kho v cc phng php s cu nn nhn.
Xem nn nhn b ngt hay cha; nn nhn ra ni thong my, ngh ngi; Nu
nn nhn b ngt m tim cn p th phi lm ng tc cp cu; Nu nn nhn b ngt
m tim ngng p th phi h hp nhn to v mi bc s n.
Nu thy nn nhn c du hin t vong th vn phi h hp v cu cha trong vng 2
gi 30 pht m khng thy kh nng phc hi th mi dng cp cu v khi mi coi
nn nhn t vong. Khi cu cha ti ch m nn nhn tnh 100% th mi gi xe a
bnh nhn i bnh vin v khi i ng phi m bo c iu kin h hp nu khng
th nn nhn c th s tr li trng thi ngt.
Ch : Cp cu tai nn in c nhng c im ring, khng nhng phi tranh th
tng giy khi tch nn nhn khi ngun in. Sau cng phi tranh th tng giy tin
hnh s cu: Cu nhanh v ng th sng; Nu chm v sai th cht v mi giy tri i
l gim kh nng cu sng.
Biu hin ca nn nhn b ngt l khng ni, khng cm gic, ng t b dn. Lc u
thng tim mch v phi vn lm vic bnh thng, nhng sau do ri lon chc
nng no nn c th dn ti ngng th, nu khng c cu cha kp thi ngi b nn
c th cht sau t pht. Th c th b ngng tr do cc c b mt mi.
H hp nhn to
Tc dng vo tim
 Chng 5. An ton in
5.3. An ton in i vi cc thit b in
iu kin cng tc ca cc thit b in trn tu rt khc nghit so vi trn b, l
nhit ca mi trng xung quanh cao, m ln, hi mui v hi du nhiu, b chn
ng v b lc nghing v vy ch c th lp trn tu bng nhng thit b dnh rinh cho
tu thu.
5.3.1. i vi my in
Phi t dc tu v hp u dy phi c y kn, vi my bin p th phn v v
khung t phi c tip mt.
5.3.2. i vi thit b phn phi
V kt cu, bng in chnh phi ngn cch c s va chm vi b phn dn dng
in, pha i li trc sau bng in chnh phi c thm cch in, pha sau bng in
chnh phi c kho.
5.3.3. i vi cc kh c in
Phi d dng tho lp, cc cu dao, cng tc xoay phi c b phn dp tia la.
5.3.4. i vi mch chiu sng
Mch chiu sng phi c ct mch bng cu dao 2 cc v ch c dng cng tc 1
cc trong bung , v cng tc ny phi ct dy nng (dy pha) nu l mch xoay
chiu.
 Chng 5. An ton in
5.3.5. Tip mt bo v
Qua qu trnh cng tc th in tr cch in ca cc thit b in c th b gi
ho hoc b ph hu bi cc yu t khc nn in p c th b chm ra v ca
cc thit b my mc m ta gi l chm mt dn ti c th con ngi b in
git.
m bo an ton cho con ngi trong cc trng hp nh vy th theo quy
nh ca ng kim: phn v ca tt c cc thit b in trn tu phi c ni
t bo v. Bng cch ni nh vy to nn mt nhnh song song c in tr
v cng b. Trong trng hp con ngi chm vo cc thit b my mc b
chm my th dng in hu nh khng i qua con ngi m i qua dy ni
mt.
Lu khi chn dy ni mt:
Dy dn ni tip mt gia v my v v tu phi tht tt; in tr ca dy ni
tip mt phi nh; Khng c t cu dao, cu ch ng dy ni tip mt;
Tit din ca dy ni tip mt t nht phi bng tit din ca mt dy pha a
in vo thit b ; Dy ni tip mt khng qu di.
An ton in
 Chng 5. An ton in

V d: Dy dn ni tip mt gia v my vi mt
 Chng 5. An ton in

V d: Khng c dy tip mt cho thit b v in r ra v my v ngi vn

hnh tip xc vi my.