History of Music Videos DANIEL HOLMES1894 — Illustrated Song In 1894, sheet music publishers Edward B. Marks and Joe Stern hired lees (arr (cue Mit eLIS UML VeCO Mle Cosel oem em celle contl (ome me tote song “The Little Lost Child”. MOSHE RENE Ca Er UMM UES rece cc GRR ET PCr! screen simultaneous to live performances. CMU NR MCR TCM estos smo tore tite te etm ie en Ts illustrated song, the first step towards the music video.1926-1959: Talkies, soundies, and shorts CeO WCPOR URI CE es ROmmCl ston tn metre SR ena Coe oc eae Vitaphone shorts (produced by Warner Bros.) featured many bands, vocalists and dancers. Pr ee ese Coma Core Tami cecer oe ees oo man oar Coto Coase tac called Screen Songs, which invited audiences to sing along to popular songs by ROM pita eet ta MR Ne EST ae Bates Were ce arte Early 1930s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on- Protec MMos Roca tanet eta Tae ct TO UES Then Er Nog Walt Disney, such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia, were Pet OM URC TSS Coton oer NCr Asi Ete Mra tg Sie RCD CseCRVORC ORCS N EISEN TTR Tran erties tes eee RY teen e US CAU TL MONG Cee eatin toc ce (its 4 such popular performers as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theatres.1926-1959: Talkies, soundies, and shorts ‘© Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a two-reel short film called St. Louis Blues (1929) Fora ech ere a ae Tee aCe ete e ee eee Pere eeak Manta tee sett SS oe meu ESRC BURN UA oe neem ras iced Rene ae eer aes ett ts OP ORCS CLI NCLB RRO URC CR ital Om ORR GE eLy were spliced together into a feature film, Lookout Sister. These films were, according to PUSS TC Coe Plone @ CSCC)1926-1959: Talkies, soundies, and shorts Sane ea sean eee CoM eee RSet PSPC eee ees ose aT Nace ec eRe ane 1950s. One of the best-known examples is Madonna's 1985 video for "Material Girl" (directed by Mary Lambert), which was closely modelled on Jack Cole's staging of PTE Cee Meee eas a Menem eroCatae eeciom yim Several of Michael Jackson's videos show the unmistakable influence of the dance sequences in classic Hollywood musicals, including the landmark "Thriller" and the Martin Reece TM eR etc ane ere Cua ch Rent M CaaS 87 © According to the Internet Accuracy Project, disc jockey-singer J. P. "The Big Bopper" ore Ce NaC ccm Scase come BCLS)1950s: Early music clips © Inhis autobiography, Tony Bennett claims to have created "...the first music video" when he was filmed walking along the Serpentine in Hyde Park, London in 1956, with the esate on eae ace a tose Cn ac usce ne tem Uta RCenag to UK and US television stations and aired on shows including Dick Clark's American Cem eents Sec eoc COe Stoo Ca COM TRS ante acta Pr ee ne cua ecto PCC Nr ecco Ce ote) Senusret ruthie teeta enaray1960-1973: Promotional clips and others OB RSS Ca CR ce RPT ee EEL e SCLC OST eR Cad Pee eect p Ree a emcee eer as ocu ens ecm trtty PURE acute Sencar ene sms nacre chong eeu aU C ee eGo s ee Cha UC Ken Mac tere Leny.N Seon) In 1961, for the Canadian show Singalong Jubilee, Manny Pittson began pre-recording the music audio, went on-location and taped various visuals with the musicians lip-synching, then edited the audio and video together. Most music numbers were taped in-studio on stage, and the location shoot "videos" were to add variety. NCS CUP Canis a ance ors Mor Cetra e ToT Pace ameter1974-1980: Beginnings of music television © The Australian TV shows Countdown and Sounds, both of which premiered in 1974, were Seiitcinen Ordon ne neath antenna Cerca wm Ueclnr ttt tas countries, and in establishing the importance of music video clips as a means of promoting both emerging acts and new releases by established acts. Sounds was launched in early 1974 by rer ies Re cur ACU MRR m Creat CN moar secre naray newsroom staffer Russell Mulcahy and asked him to shoot film footage to accompany popular songs for which there were no purpose-made clips. Using this method, Webb and Mulcahy assembled a collection of about 25 clips for the show. The success of his early efforts encouraged EO a ABOU Re Meta cue Meu Ccee lea Lacs popular Australian acts including Stylus, Marcia Hines, Hush and AC/DC. As it gained Sarit smear Caer RNC ean erate te teror Munn vaceet Rene tcaetty ath attoE CSCC EMS te Rae SRO ape b tek Ce eeC nr ee aoe RSC Cone) Some ee nO eo Le mre a en nas MC Nom teas According to rock historian Paul Fowles, the song is "widely credited as the first global hit single Poa TONER heat nner Come iea ievkehi eet cont ates same cC te acne eet hd of "Bohemian Rhapsody": "Its influence cannot be overstated, practically inventing the music Sec neta oCa UU Macrae ce tis1974-1980: Beginnings of music television PRC er rece Reese c eRe Teac in tant November 1, 1979, was the first nationwide video music programming on American Root ret AGMA Ne Tt rat coche UU TALS. Men N TS ociac tetas sree an nae Ctr tb seer eon ele tanta Cee Sees Gc © In 1980, the music video to David Bowie's "Ashes to Ashes" became the most expensive ever made, having a production cost of $582,000 ($1,671,487 in 2016), the first music video Reeser etoten Race SUMMER eee rec Rcotoaartty Reo cee nem nce eC Tet Re eee enone elie Ray and a rocky shore. The video became one of the most iconic ever made at the time, and its een ee rie ce Scatter RCC tC erm sce cca ae1981-1991: Music videos go mainstream SCM CLO Ca Ner OREM LITRE ec Tan Fe coe enteral Decree tec ko@y Stile mcve cee RC Cenc n Teo Ce ec tcrr Tn Picea tcaeC eRe mt eet SC Ua Ce cve Mee eco e uN otc tas tts cer as eae ocean cect Cece Cette CISe eli y Duran and Madonna, owed a great deal of their success to the skillful construction and Perence comcast ce ee cosa ICU CG Comin a RSAC Con Coen cco autag of relatively inexpensive and easy-to-use video recording and editing equipment, and the Cereb trae Reet er coters ce Rut Rtas tne tone Cire ctera sina acted Pree sre CSC OMe eects te reenter ter tee staat es eS eC nC Om Rn enone oka honoree EU Ra See cm ceo tac Cees nmr ncaa and video, and adding a storyline or plot to the music video. Occasionally videos were Pr OE Reece Ree Te Rate nec Ss on mot RR oC ECC1981-1991: Music videos go mainstream RRC REG CO ORs unk ss cee ele Rare setes Examples include the music videos for David Bowie's "China Girl" and "Let's Dance" Geyer enn er eee ect © In 1983, the most successful, influential and iconic music video of all time was released: the nearly 14-minute-long video for Michael Jackson's song "Thriller", directed by John Landis. The video set new standards for production, having cost US$800,000 to film. On March 5, 1983, Country Music Television, or CMT, was launched, created and founded by Glenn D. Daniels and uplinked from the Video World Productions facility in Freer CM ee Leet Ree eee 1984. In 1984, MTV also launched the MTV Video Music Awards (later to be known as the VMA's), an annual awards event that would come to underscore MTV's importance in the Ne eat Meena utente Macatee Rn eee MRR Cet NED ce ante or at ester al retin sin1981-1991: Music videos go mainstream © In 1985, MTV launched the channel VHI (then known as "VH-1: Video Hits One), featuring oes eCe Cet MaCMe aCe RoCae caters TTS CeM MU UMBC PEL a EBL ee CUCM OCB M CL Dep tte tomitcctras coats saz eR Co the launch of The Chart Show on the UK's Channel 4 in 1986, This was a program which consisted entirely of music videos, without presenters. Instead, the videos were linked by then Rea eco aga a eamen Te Cec ea BCLs OSU g SCOR nett Cg oa Cet Ce se casted computer animation, and helped make the song an international hit. Ironically, the song itself was a wry comment on the music-video phenomenon, sung from the point of view of an. appliance deliveryman both drawn to and repelled by the outlandish images and personalities that appeared on MTV. In 1986, Peter Gabriel's song "Sledgehammer" used special effects and PetCo con ec Ret Oe eee CT tc MCR ORE e Oy POs Senet esse UCR rns ETC ere RCN ROM a ORV MR US CMa a ena noe Tocny mass audience for the first time,1992-2004: Rise of the directors PO UR ea COVER AS Pe cc Re UR emcee Ca music videos had increasingly become an auteur’s medium. Directors such as Chris Cunningham, Michel Gondry, Spike Jonze, Floria Sigismondi, Stéphane Sednaoui, Mark Romanek and Hype Williams all got their start around this time; all brought a unique vision and style to the videos they directed. Some of these directors went on to direct feature films. This continued a trend that had begun earlier with directors such as SENS ec ere ETD P eee ite tad Cee OR RoR ce Rape a Moe CeCe ee em eee Rs nS music videos of all time: Michael and Janet Jackson's "Scream", which allegedly cost $7 million to produce, ELOY Ra a Camm ne Ree eit Rc eM cer herr eT CT expensive video to date, In the mid to late 1990s, Walter Stern directed "Firestarter" by The Prodigy, "Bitter Sweet Symphony" by ‘The Verve, and "Teardrop" by Massive Attack. During this period, MTV launched channels around the world to show music videos produced in each local market: MTV Latin America in NSEC Ee Ce RRA ee ree OR Re ee Cea T meant to show more alternative and older music videos, debuted in 1996, Se RC OPM Mee VOSA Cee2005-present: The Internet becomes video-friendly eve eI eM Cnt Cae ee Ctra Saree Cre ear eeny CR Ce ees tse Oe cow e Cee etd users to share video files, including those for music videos. By the mid-2000s, MTV and many Sa hocs CeCe Tien nin ethiG eter itaomc im caret SUR ane Re enc RecA CR CO leah pioneer with the show The Real World, which premiered in 1992. PU ug cre Mea ep GRR Te net eRe a Tey faster and easier; Google Videos, Yahoo! Video, Facebook and Myspace's video functionality Pena ramon So een ieee Cae are ci some artists began to see success as a result of videos seen mostly or entirely online. The band OK Go may exemplify this trend, having achieved fame through the videos for two of their el RUSE IEC oc eae oe Me ALL ee mee lelaelce te well-known online (OK Go repeated the trick with another high-concept video in 2010, for their Renae eMC EBD)2005-present: The Internet becomes video-friendly CU REC OR Meee Oe OCU ME Rec oem CMe Cae mre Le CLaT a Calle Cael) BOM ace earn en eee eae RR eae roars performance, In 2007, the RIAA issued cease-and-desist letters to YouTube users to prevent single users from sharing videos, which are the property of the music labels, After its merger with Google, YouTube assured the RIAA that they would find a way to pay royalties through a Peete er econ ee MUN Cee eto ane e ere Tec share the same policy toward music videos: some welcome the development and upload music videos to various online outlets themselves, viewing music videos as free advertising for their Dee ee ee eee E ee eee ne ears In 2009, Thirty Seconds to Mars! music video "Kings and Queens" was uploaded to YouTube on the same day of its release, where it has garnered over one hundred million views. It also received over forty million plays on MySpace. "Kings and Queens" was featured as iTunes Store video of the week and was one of the most downloaded videos ever to be featured. The video also received four nominations at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, making 30 Seconds to SVC eR One rcree etree RAVE USCC sm coe rt Chota2005-present: The Internet becomes video-friendly SVEN OE Oe OTC oT eT Cn USCA TC UNI CPLCO A Eocast BCT Te to AOL Music features a vast collection of advertising supported streaming videos. The Sena Sena reams Re teenie coe Carer u nme tect CCRC Cae Cw CSCC oe CCC eC Rm cones Co any PaCS mes ese ce er Rar Re eT ere Cesena iTunes Store has begun selling music videos for use on Apple's iPod with video playback raisin CSR tear an ee Cee eo NCC SOCORRO ETS VOR MO TTCc Ny eee One r CCCs e eae se PUN ns oer es Tene C) Pris ect Reta onan Rca seer eur csc moccrct] entertainment rising in prominence on their live broadcast. OR Crean eae tn tt eae meee Se teary eee 2009. The videos on VEVO are syndicated to YouTube, with Google and VEVO sharing tae tAveatont ecarenttcsUnofficial music videos OL CMEC oe ey churn mate ance tera ena tad Re ES Seo aso RTE chr Use Re aC created by Kandy Fong in 1975 using still images from Star Trek loaded into a slide carousel and PEN eR ER eO URE CNC Sn acc non tatene eran lonied Aine rcrases ORC Rae eae Rete Reet ee meted videos began to gain wider notice in the late 1990s, Videos are sometimes known as OPY, Original Promotional Videos (or sometimes Other People's Videos). A well-known example of an’ unofficial See eae earn onan ay go Seo meee Acct Encore with music sampled from the Beatles’ White Album, in which concert footage of the Beatles is, remixed with footage of Jay-Z and rap dancers Ce CPU We Sa rere ae. Rare Rea cee Ree ome Ua Tey SC ne CR a Pecertoa TaD) Anime music videos (AMVs) rose to popularity in the 2000s thanks to the rise of the internet. They are typically fan-made videos with footage from anime set to music, The earliest AMV was created in 1982 by 21-year-old Jim Kaposztas. Kaposztas hooked up two VCRs to each other and edited the most violent scenes from Star Blazers to "All You Need Is Love" by The Beatles to produce a humorous effect.Official Lo-fi Internet music clips Bao eC end etn U Ce Cesnu ts cima eset video sites such as YouTube around 2006, various independent filmmakers began recording ROMs AOS ea Cnet! music video include Vincent Moon's work with The Take-Away Shows; In the Van sessions, a similar platform; and the Dutch VPRO 3VOOR12, which puts out music videos ee cE Mose UC Rei eacur i cct Mri cn tay detent Rote Petrol ee Rott Unmet eccoc Gren erect Ch eeritr ian Pe Ree Contre n sited Core ta Cocoa mT teenie arnt Fro on rete ters Curae Cane eer enter eerie neem Tere oceans Pre ae eta ee Ue Une acters ite eee ERt eur ens tcs themselves to a wider audience, but increasingly this approach has been taken up by such De Sane Oon AC MCR Gr tsLyric videos A lyric video is one in which the words to the song are the main element of the video. Lyric videos rose to prominence in the 2010s, with it becoming relatively easy for artists to disperse videos through websites such as YouTube. Many do not even feature any visual oC er kek ea CUR Tee anteater ect org them as they are sung in the song. As such, they are often created with relative ease, and often act as a supplemental video to a more traditional music video. Despite its rise to prominence in the 2010s, the idea had still been used much earlier. The music video for R.E.M/'s "Fall On Me" interspersed the song's lyrics with abstract film footage. In 1987, Prince released a video for his song "Sign o' the Times". The video featured the song's Re eee On Mtge cca tt tac wasc een eee ics created by Bill Konersman. The following year, the video for the Talking Heads single "(Nothing But) Flowers" consisted of the song's lyrics being set to various visuals, In 1990 George Michael released "Praying For Time" as a lyric video. He had refused to make a traditional music video, so his label released a simple clip that displayed the song's lyrics on ict aacct