OPTICAL SWITCHING

Presented by,
VIVEK.S.M
S7 EC
ROLL NO: 13083420
Optical switching… so easy?
It’s not that easy as it looks..
Data traffic doubles every year. Information demand
in internet creates enormous need for capacity
expansion.

Simple switching techniques cannot support DWDM.

Optical networks are regarded as the ultimate

solution to bandwidth needs of future
communication.
OEO approach

All traffic goes through O/E/O conversions. However, as transmission

speed goes higher, this approach is neither scalable nor cost-effective
(heat, power)
WAVE LENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
(WDM)
A technology used to increase the information rate
Here multiple signals can traverse through a single strand
of optic fiber
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex
(DWDM)
DWDM is a variation of Wavelength Division Multiplex
(WDM) but with much higher bandwidth and density.
Multiple signals are carried together as separate
wavelengths (color) of light in a multiplexed signal.
 ADVANTAGES OF DWDM
DWDM, up to 80 separate wavelengths or channels of data
can be multiplexed into a lightstream transmitted on a
single optical fiber.

Each channel can carry up to 2.5 Gbps, therefore up to 200

billion bits per second can be delivered by the optical
fiber.
OPTICAL TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Links between the nodes are optical fibers.
Here packets are in the optical format.
O-E-O conversion are required at the interface.
 LIMITATIONS
LIMITED PACKET PROCESSING
SLOW OPERATION
COST AND COMPLEXITY
CROSS TALK
These limitations degrades the performance of the
system affecting the bandwidth
 SOLUTION!
The solution is OPTICAL PACKET SWITCHING

The signals are being processed by means of OPTICAL

SWITCH FABRIC

OPTICAL SWITCH FABRIC

OPTICAL SIGNALS OPTICAL SIGNALS
 GENERAL PACKET FORMAT
A generic packet format consists of
 Header
 Payload
 Additional GUARD BANDS before and after payload
 PACKET HEADER
A packet header may comprise of following fields
 Sync- provides synchronization

 Source Label-provides source node address

 Destination Label-provides destination node

address
 Type-type and priority of the carried payload
 Sequence Number: Packet sequence number to reorder
packets arriving out of order and guarantee in-order
packet delivery.

 OAM: Operation, Administration, Maintenance

 HEC: Head Error Correction

SWITCH ARCHITECTURE
An OPS node consists of
following components

1. INPUT INTERFACE

2. SWITCHING MATRIX

3. BUFFER

4. OUTPUT INTERFACE

5. ELECTRONIC CONTROL
UNIT
 1. INPUT INTERFACE
Wave length conversion
->conversion of external to internal wavelengths
->identification of the beginning and end of the header
and payload

Provides synchronization

Header processing
 2. CONTROL UNIT
Processing routing information.

Updates header information.

Forwards header to output interface.

 3. SWITCHING MATRIX
Optical switching of the payloads according to the
commands from the control unit.
 4. OUTPUT INTERFACE
Provides 3R(reamplification,reshaping,retiming)
regeneration

Attaches updated header to corresponding optical payload

Conversion of internal to external wavelength

Resynchronization
CLASSIFICATION
MEMS(Micro-electro Mechanical Systems)
Software in the switch’s processor deicide where an
incoming stream of photons should go.

Sends a signal to an electrode on the chip’s surface

that generates an electric field that tilts the mirrors.

The wavelengths
 Bounce off the input mirrors
 Gets reflected off another mirror onto output mirror.
 Output mirror direct the wavelength into another fiber.
 THERMO-OPTIC SWITCH
Waveguides have a core and cladding made of glass
with differing indices of refraction.

An input light wave is split onto two separate

waveguides.

No heat is applied to the lower branch, the coupler will

output the waveform on to the waveguide labeled
output#1.

Heating element activated the output light wave ends

upon the waveguide labeled output#2 .
WORKING
 BUBBLE SWITCH
The switch consist of a silica waveguide with arrays of
intersecting light pipes that form a mesh.

A small hole sits at a point where these light pipes

intersect.

It contains an index-matching fluid (one whose index

of refraction is the same as the silica).
If no bubble is present at the junction, the light
proceeds down the default waveguide path.

If a bubble of fluid is present at the junction, the light

is shifted onto the second output waveguide.
 LIQUID CRYSTAL SWITCH
 Principle : -when an electric field is applied to liquid
crystal, the molecules line up and become opaque

 The molecules are so thin and straight, will allow light

of a particular orientation to pass through the liquid
crystal

 It consists of 2 components
1. CELL
2. DISPLACER
 CELL AND DISPLACER
CELL: Formed by placing the liquid crystal
between 2 plates of glass
Glass is coated with oxide materials that conducts
electricity
The function is to REORIENT the polarized light
entering the cell
DISPLACER:
It is a composite crystal that directs the polarized
light leaving the cell
 CONCLUSION
Optical packet switched networks has great potential and
can support much higher capacities than may be possible
with electronic packet switched networks.

The new technology –regarded as ULTIMATE SOLUTION

to bandwidth needs PROVIDING

->IMPROVED EFFICIENCY
->LOW COSTS
->UTILISE DWDM
THANK YOU
 Jun-ichi Pashaura Singh
Nishizawa

Father of optical
Father of optic fiber
communication