Bridges

Sunil Ledwani 19
Nikesh Malhotra 21
Sagesh Nair 30
Prasun Pandey
Sagar Vartak
Bhavesh Mankani
 What and why
BRIDGE (Building, Restoring, Initiating,
Developing, Growing, and Empowering)
A bridge is a structure built to span a valley,
road, body of water, or other physical obstacle,
for the purpose of providing passage over the
obstacle.
Designs of bridges vary depending on the
function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain
where the bridge is constructed, the material used
to make it and the funds available to build it.
 Types of Bridges
• Beam bridges

• Cantilever bridges

• Arch bridges
 Continue…….
• Suspension bridges

• Cable-stayed bridges

• Truss bridges
 Continue………..
• Movable Bridges

• Double-decked
Bridges
Akashi Kaikyō Bridge
OVERVIEW
• This Bridge is also known as Pearl Bridge located
in Japan
• Construction began in 1988 and was completed
in 1998 that means 10 years to complete.
• It is 3.9 km long and opened for public on 5 th April
1998.
• It has the longest central span of any suspension
bridge.
• It links the city of Kobe on the mainland of
Honshu to Iwaya on Awaji island by crossing the
busy Akashi strait.
• The bridge is one of the key links of the Honshu-
Shikoku Bridge Project, which created three
routes across the Inland Sea.
• The bridge is part of a new 90km expressway
 Facts
• It holds 3 world records for its longest, tallest and
most expensive bridge ever built.
• The length of the cable amount to 3,00,000
kilometers, they could circle the Earth seven and
half times.
• There are about 23,000 cars that pass through
the bridge a day
• Hundreds of trials taken so that the bridge would
be safe.
• The bridge has open Triangles and the space
allowed by the triangle helps to pass wind
through Bridge and make the bridge stable
 History why its created…
• Before the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge was built,
ferries carried passengers across the Akashi
Strait in Japan.

• This dangerous waterway often experiences

severe storms.

• In 1955, two ferries sank in the strait during a

storm, killing 168 children.
 Continue…
• The ensuing shock and public outrage convinced the
Japanese government to develop plans for a
suspension bridge to cross the strait.

• The original plan called for a mixed railway-road

bridge.

• But when construction on the bridge began in April

1986, the construction was restricted to road only,
with six lanes.
CONSTRUCTION
Design of THE AKASHI-KAIKYO
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
 How Construction Done…
Step by Step process
• Main tower foundations – 1989
• Constructing the anchorages - 1989
• Erecting the main towers – 1990-1994
• Installing the cables – 1990-1994
• The Deck / roadway – 1994-1998
 Main tower foundations and
Anchorages – 1989
• The two towers stand on two large circular
foundations.
• The moulds for the two foundations were built in dry
dock weighing 15 000 tonnes and 60 metres in height.
• Mould was constructed for the foundation of tower
and took eight hours to complete.
• Each of the two foundations were filled with 265 000
cubic metres of concrete.
• However, ordinary concrete does not mix with water
and so the Japanese had to develop special concrete
which was capable of mixing with sea water.
• Each tower is nearly as high as the Eifel tower and is
designed to have a two hundred year lifespan.
 Continue
• Each tower is made up of 90 sections.
• 700 000 bolts were used to fix each of the towers together
• Each tower is designed to flex / move in storm force
conditions.
• Each anchorage required 350,000 metric tons of concrete.
• Anchorages measure 63 meters by 84 meters in plan and
extend into the Kobe and granite layers at the site.
• The Honshu anchorage had to be embedded 61 meters
below sea level, and the anchorage excavation had to be
performed in open air
• Anchorage foundation was constructed using steel pipes
and earth anchors to support the surrounding soil.
 Erecting the main Towers and
Installing the Cables – 1990-1994
• A temporary cable was stretched between
both towers
• Wire mesh gangway built so that workers
could start construction of the main cables.
• Workers and machinery pulled the main
cables from one tower to the other.
 The Deck / roadway – 1994-1998
• The deck / roadway was fixed hanging below main cables
and vertical cables.
• Large purpose built cranes were used to lift the sections,
4000 tonnes each, were bolted into position, one after
another.
• 290 sections make up the entire bridge.
• The deck was fixed in position, section by section.
• Each section has a triangulated form.
• This means that weight is kept to a minimum and yet each
section has maximum strength.
•
 Structure of Bridge
• Carries:- 6 lanes of roadway.
• Design:- Suspension bridge.
• Total length:- 3,911 meters (12,831 ft).
• Height:- 282.8 metres (928 ft) (pylons).
• Longest span:- 1,991 meters (6,532 ft).
• Clearance below:- 65.72 meters.
 Architecture
• The Bridge has three spans.
• The central span is 1,991 m (6,532 ft)
• The two other sections are each 960 m (3,150 ft).
• The bridge is 3,911 m (12,831 ft) long overall.
• The central span was originally only 1,990 m
(6,529 ft), but the Kobe earthquake on January
17, 1995, moved the two towers sufficiently (only
the towers had been erected at the time) so that
it had to be increased by 1 m (3.3 ft).
 Continues…
• The bridge also contains pendulums that are designed
to operate at the resonance frequency of the bridge to
damp forces.
• The two main supporting towers rise 298 m (978 ft)
above sea level, and the bridge can expand because of
heating up to 2 metres (7 ft) over the course of a day.
• Each anchorage required 350,000 tonnes (340,000 LT;
390,000 ST) of concrete.
• The steel cables have 300,000 kilometres (190,000 mi)
of wire: each cable is 112 centimetres (44 in) in
diameter and contains 36,830 strands of wire.
 Material used…
• 181,000 tonnes of steel, which are 35 m wide
and 14 m high.
• About 1.4million cubic metres of concrete.
• The steel cables have 300,000 kilometres
(190,000 mi) of wire: each cable is
112 centimetres (44 in) in diameter
• Contains 36,830 strands of wire.
• The Akashi anchor blocks weigh 350 000 tonnes
of concrete.
• Many high strength steel were used for
lightening.
 Who was involved
• Architect:- Irving Morrow
• Bridge Owner:- Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Authority
• Designer and Constructor:- Satoshi Kashima
• Engineer:- Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Authority
• Funded by:- Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Authority
• 2 million workers.
• About 100 Contractors.
• Joint Venture:- Nippon Steel Corporation and
Kobe Steel, Ltd.
Benefits
• Social and Economic Benefits

• Technical Innovation
 Social and Economic Benefits
• Traffic Volumes
• Reduced travel time
• Public Transportation Time Travel reduces

• Industrial Development in related areas

• Retails Stores increase 90%
 Technical Innovation
• Dry Air Injection System
• Prevents water from collecting in the main
cable support system.
• Extensive monitoring system
 Policy Challenges
• Urbanization/ Land Use Changes
• 2005 Privatized Ownership HSBAHSBE
• Toll Fee Changes to Increase use
• 10% reduction in toll fee
• Longer pay-back period
 Problems Faced
• Foundation construction in the deep, fast tidal current.
• Sucking of the soil on the seabed.
• Soil supporting the anchors.
• Pile in most bridges post few construction problems.
• The Akashi Strait is a busy shipping port. So Building a
bridge too tall so that ships pass beneath the bridge.
• Cable Erection Work.
• The earthquake occur in 1995.
• Heavy Toll charges.
COST
• The money used to make this bridge is
approximately 500 billion yen or 3.6 billion
U.S. dollars.
 How they recover the Cost involved…
• Combined Toll of Expressway and Bridge is
around $50+.
• Car Yen 2600 (USD $18).
• Truck Yen 4250 (USD $32).
• Collection in 1st 5 months $ 200 million per year.
• But only Quarter of its Capacity is used for
travelling.
• The Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Authority which runs
the bridge says traffic is below projections but
expects 5% annual growth to 2010.
 How they recover the Cost involved…
• Toll 2,300 Yen (USD $20.00)