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Chapter 12a: Chemical Bonding
Chapter 12a: Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chapter 12
Table of Contents
Questions to Consider
3
Section 12.1
Types of Chemical Bonds
A Chemical Bond
No simple, and yet complete, way to define this.
Forces that hold groups of atoms together and make
them function as a unit.
A bond will form if the energy of the aggregate is lower
than that of the separated atoms.
Bond energy energy required to break a chemical bond
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Ionic Bonding
Ionic compound results when a metal reacts with a
nonmetal.
Electrons are transferred.
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Covalent Bonding
A covalent bond results when
electrons are shared by nuclei.
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Concept Check
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9
Section 12.2
Electronegativity
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10
Section 12.2
Electronegativity
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Concept Check
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Concept Check
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Exercise
a) NF OF CF
b) CF NO SiF
c) ClCl BCl SCl
a) CF, NF, OF
b) SiF, CF, NO
c) BCl, SCl, ClCl Return to TOC
Concept Check
MgO CO OO SiO NO
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Concept Check
MgO CO OO SiO NO
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Dipole Moment
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21
Section 12.4
Stable Electron Configurations and Charges on Ions
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23
Section 12.4
Stable Electron Configurations and Charges on Ions
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Concept Check
a) [Kr]5s24d105p4
b) [Kr]5s24d104f145p6
c) [Kr]5s24d105p6
d) [Ar]5s24d105p2
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Concept Check
a) 1s22s22p63s2
b) 1s22s22p63s23p2
c) 1s22s22p63s23p4
d) 1s22s22p63s23p6
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29
Ionic Radii
Section 12.5
Ionic Bonding and Structures of Ionic Compounds
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Section 12.5
Ionic Bonding and Structures of Ionic Compounds
Isoelectronic Series
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Concept Check
Concept Check
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Concept Check
a) O2+
b) O+
c) O
d) O2
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36
W Section 12.5
Ionic Bonding and Structures of Ionic Compounds
Chapter 12b
Chemical Bonding
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37
Section 12.5
Ionic Bonding and Structures of Ionic Compounds
12.6 Lewis Structures
12.7 Lewis Structures of Molecules with Multiple Bonds
12.8 Molecular Structure
12.9 Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model
12.10Molecular Structure: Molecules with Double
Bonds
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38
Section 12.6
Lewis Structures
Lewis Structure
Shows how valence electrons are arranged among
atoms in a molecule.
Most important requirement
Atoms achieve noble gas electron configuration (octet
rule, duet rule).
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39
Section 12.6
Lewis Structures
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.. .. .. ..
O::C::O
O::C::O
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Section 12.6
Lewis Structures Let's Try it!
O
1.S OCO Carbonate CO3-2
3 x 8 = 24 for Oxygen
2.N 1 x 8 = 8 for Carbon
24+8=32 needed electrons 32 N
3 x 6 = 18 for Oxygen - 24 H
3.H
1 x 4= 4 for Carbon - 8B
You have 22 + 2 more available e-'s
16 NB
4.B 32 - 24 = 8 bonding electrons
O
..
5.NB 24 8 = 16 non-bonding electrons O::C:O
.. ..
:O: -2
6.E .. .. .. .. :O:
.. ..
O::C:
O: O::C: O:
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Section 12.6
Lewis Structures
Concept Check
H2
F2
HF
CH4
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Resonance
A molecule shows resonance when more than one
Lewis structure can be drawn for the molecule.
NO3 = 24e
O O O O O O
N N N
O O O
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H
H B H
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Concept Check
BF3 f f
CO2
CCl4
CN
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50
Section 12.7
Lewis Structures of Molecules with Multiple Bonds
Concept Check
a) CO2
b) N2
c) CCl4
d) At least two of the above compounds exhibit
resonance.
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Concept Check
53
Section 12.8
Molecular Structure
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Tetrahedral structure
Methane
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VSEPR Model
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57
Section12.8
Section 12.9
Molecular Structure
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Molecular Shapes
and bond angles
from Lab Book
Figure
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63
Section12.8
Section 12.10
Molecular Structure
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Concept Check