(Themodynamics)

(thermometer)





(equilibrium condition)
(thermal equilibrium)


(Temperature and Heat)
(thermal
equilibrium)
(The

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics)
A B
C A B




(Temperature and Heat)
(thermometer)
Liquid in Glass tube thermometer


(Temperature and Heat)
(thermometer)
100






100

(degree)
(Celsius

temperature scale)





(Temperature and Heat)
(thermometer)
(Fahrenheit Temperature Scale)
32
212

180





(Temperature and Heat)


(Kelvin or Absolute
Temperature Scale )








(gas
thermometer)


(Temperature and Heat)

(Kelvin or Absolute
Temperature Scale )
0 100

0 - 273.15


(Temperature and Heat)

(Kelvin or Absolute
Temperature Scale )

- 273.15



(Temperature and Heat)

(Kelvin or Absolute
Temperature Scale )

0 K 0

(Absolute scale)
0 K = -273.15
 Example 1 Converting
Temperatures
On a day when the temperature reaches
50 F, what is the temperature in degrees
Celsius and in kelvins?
Solution
 Example 2 Converting
Temperatures
A pan of water is heated from 25 C
to 80 C. What is the change in its
temperature on the Kelvin scale and
on the Fahrenheit scale?
Solution





32
98.6
-40



(Thermal Expansion)
(Linear Expansion)
(Area Expansion)

(Volume
Expansion)

(Linear Expansion)

( )
(
( )
)



(Area Expansion)

A Ai T

(Volume Expansion)

( )
(
( )
)


(Volume Expansion)

 :

 :

Bimetallic Strip

30.0
11


10 6 0

/ C 0 0C
Y=20x1010 N/m2
40 0C



0 0C


40 0C



40.0 L
200 C


steel
11

10 C
6 1

350C oil

9. 6
10
C
4 1

560 cm3
 (Quantity
of Heat)
Heat is defined as the transfer of energy across
the boundary of a system due to a temperature
difference between the system and its
surroundings.

( ) (


)



SI

(Joules :
J)
 ()
(calorie : cal)
1 cal

1

14.5
15.5

1
atm
1 cal = 4.186 J
 ()

(British Unit)
British thermal unit(Btu)
1


63 64

1 Btu = 778 ft.lb = 252 cal
 (Specific
Heat Capacity)



(heat capacity, C,)

(specific heat
capacity) (specific
heat)

(Molar Heat Capacity)



(mole) n
(mass) m
6.02x1023
(molar mass)
(molecular weight) M

.
18.0 g/mol 1
18.0 g

(Molar Heat Capacity)

C = Mc

 (Specific
Heat Capacity)

:
Q T



:
Q T


Conservation of Energy:
Calorimetry



(Phase Changes and Latent
Heat)
(phase)
, ,


phase change
phase transition

(

)





(latent heat)

(Phase Changes and Latent
Heat)
(latent heat)
(latent heat of
fusion)
(latent heat of
vaporization)
Sample Latent Heat Values


(Heat Transfer)

(conduction)
(convection)
(radiation)
 (Conduction)

(molecular collision)










(Conduction)




A
L

dQ
dt
dQ/dt


(heat current)

(Conduction)

k (thermal

conductivity)
W/m.K



0.20 m2
4x10-2 W/m 0C
1.5 cm
30
2450C

300C
 (Convection)







(Radiator)







(

)
 (Radiation)




(
0K) max
max











 (Radiation)
IH


A



T

Stefan-Boltzmann
constant
.
(emissivity)

( )
0 1










(Thermal Properties of Matter)

(state)
(system)

(surrounding)
(boundary)


(Thermal Properties of Matter)




(state) (system)



(macroscopic quantities)

(microscopic quantities)

 (Ideal Gas)


















, V,





(V)


m(
)


( : state
variables)

(equation of state)

( )
(ideal gas)
 (Mole)



mole
(Avogadros number)
(atoms or molecules)
Avogadros number NA = 6.022 x 1023
 (Moles)

: n = m
/M
M
m
n
 (Gas Laws)

1


V
(Boyles law)
P

V T


(Charles s law) PV
k

T


 (Ideal Gas Law)

STP
( 273K) 1
0
(1.013x105 N/m2) 1
22.4 (22.4x10-3 m3)
R = 8.314 J/mol K


PV = nRT
 (Ideal Gas Law) ,

R
R = 8.314 J/mol K = 0.08214
(L atm)/mol K
R 1 mole
0o C
22.4 L
 (Ideal Gas Law) ,

(N )
PV = nRT = (N/NA) RT = NkBT
kB is Boltzmanns constant
kB = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
P, V, T
(thermodynamic
variables)



100 cm 20 0 C100
3

Pa
Solution

3 0
202 kPa 125 cm 22
C


1950 C

Solution
 (The Kinetic
Theory of Gases)


N m










 (1)

d



xv xi



(
)



 (2)

 (3)

(
)

)
(N

 (4)

( )

 (5)

vx = vy
2 2

=vz
2
3
(x,y,z)

 (6)

 (8)

 (9)

( (theorem of eq
(N
)

 (10)


(root-mean-
square velocity):

v rms v v
 rms


1 2 3


mv
= k BT
3 2 2
KE t = k BT
2 3

N KE t
= Nk
BT
2


( )
3 3
Eint =U= Nk BT= nRT
2 2




f
KE = k BT
2

f
(degree of freedom)
f= 3
f= 5
F= 6

U=N
f k T = f Nk T= f nRT= f PV

2 B
2 B 2 2
 : A Tank of Helium

3.00 m3
2 20.0


(A)


(B)
 : A Tank of Helium
Solution
(A)

(B)


Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes

(State variables)
Pressure, temperature, volume, internal
energy

( ,
, )














quasi-

static


A
p
pA

















PV Diagrams (
)






PV diagram

(path)
 PV Diagrams
() :

(quasi static
process) i
f





 PV Diagrams
() :










(Path)

 PV Diagram ,
(a)

Vi Vf
Pi


Pi
Pf
Vf




W = -Pi (Vf
Vi)
 PV Diagram ,
(b)


Pi Pf
Vi


Vi V f
Pf





W

= -Pf (Vf Vi)
 PV Diagram ,
(c)





Pf (Vf Vi)
Pi (Vf Vi)



P (V )






Q W (path) Q + W


Eint = Q + W
()
dEint = dQ +
dW


Q


Q

W (

)
(
W

)

(Isolated
Systems)

Q = W = 0, Eint = 0



(Cyclic Processes)







PV

Eint = 0, Q = -W





PV

(Adiabatic Process)



Q=0
:








 (Adiabatic
Process),
Q = 0 Eint = W
W
Eint






 (Isobaric
Processes)





W = P (Vf Vi)
P

(Isochoric Process
Isovolumetric Processes)





W = 0

Eint = Q



(Isothermal Process)



Eint
=0
, Q = - W





 (Isothermal
Process) ,

PV



hyperbola


isotherm
 (Isothermal
Process) ,
PV =
PV
hyperbola



quasi-static
PV = nRT
Vf V f nRT V f dV
W P dV dV nRT
Vi Vi V Vi V

Vi
W nRT ln
Vf

 (Isothermal
Process) ,

PV


PV

Vf > Vi

()
Vf < Vi
()

pV-diagram
4

Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas

(molar heat
capacity at constant volume)

(molar heat
capacity at constant pressure)

()
Cp Cv







Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas

()
Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas

5
CV
2 R

6
CV
R
2

()
Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas

()
Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas

(

)







pV-diagram



 Proof That
for an Adiabatic Process




PdV
dT=-
nCV

 Proof That
for an Adiabatic Process

C 1
V
W= (p 2 V2 -p1V1 )= (p 2 V2 -p1V1 )
R -1


(The Second Law of Thermodynamics)

(Directions of Thermodynamics
Process)



irreversible process







(disorder)











(The Second Law of Thermodynamics)

(Heat Engines)

(thermal efficiency)


(The Second Law of Thermodynamics)

12

20% J
3
3.0010



(The Second Law of Thermodynamics)

(Refrigerators)

(coefficient
of performance)


(The Second Law of Thermodynamics)

13



3

()


()





(The Second Law of Thermodynamics)

100%








engine statement




refrigerator statement


(The Second Law of Thermodynamics)

(The Carnot Cycle)








Sadi Carnot


(The Second Law of Thermodynamics)



(The Second Law of Thermodynamics)

working
substance




(The Second Law of Thermodynamics)



(The Second Law of Thermodynamics)



(The Second Law of Thermodynamics)

(Entropy)



(entropy)


(disorder)








(The Second Law of Thermodynamics)

(Entropy)






S

Q






(The Second Law of Thermodynamics)

(Entropy and The
Second Law)
















Q = 0
B

1. 1
3.0 10.0
0.0

1.1

1.2

1.3


 1.1
1.1
 1.2
1.2
 1.3
1.3