Bluebook 101:

Short Citation Forms

(id., supra, hereinafter)

R. 4 (and others)
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 Purpose of Citation
Citations enable your reader

to find the sources you cite

to evaluate your argument based (in

part) on what you cite
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 Short forms help readers by
streamlining footnotes

while

preserving the ability to find and

assess cited material
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 Compare
12. Northern Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Caurina) v. Hodel,
716 F.Supp. 479 (W.D. Wash. 1988) (Zilly, J.).
13. Northern Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Caurina) v. Hodel,
716 F.Supp. 479, 480 (W.D. Wash. 1988) (Zilly, J.).
14. Northern Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Caurina) v. Hodel,
716 F.Supp. 479, 480 (W.D. Wash. 1988) (Zilly, J.).
15. Northern Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Caurina) v. Hodel,
716 F.Supp. 479, 481 (W.D. Wash. 1988) (Zilly, J.).
16. Northern Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Caurina) v. Hodel,
716 F.Supp. 479, 481 (W.D. Wash. 1988) (Zilly, J.).

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 with
12. Northern Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Caurina) v. Hodel,
716 F.Supp. 479 (W.D. Wash. 1988) (Zilly, J.).
13. Id. at 480.
14. Id.
15. Id. at 481.
16. Id.

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 Id.
short for idem (Latin for same)

used when citing the very same thing you

cited just before

can be different page or section or even

volume

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 Examples
25. United States v. Am. Library Assn, 539 U.S.
194 (2003)
26. Id.

27. Id. at 203.

28. See 3 J. PETTIGREW SCHOLAR, BIG TREATISE ON LAW

14.6 (2006).
29. See id. at 15.7.

30. 4 id. at 23.1 (2005).

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 Id. used within a footnote
60. See, e.g., Dan Jerker B. Svantesson, Geo-Location
Technologies and Other Means of Placing Borders on
the Borderless' Internet, 23 J. MARSHALL J. COMPUTER &
INFO. L. 101, 137 (2004) (arguing that geo-location
technologies may...eliminate the regulatory
difficulties associated with the Internet's
borderlessness); see also id. at 109-14 (describing
filtering technologies available for website operators
and accuracy rates).
120 Harv. L. Rev. 1031, 1041 (2007)

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 Whats wrong with this?
54. See, e.g., This Guy v. That Guy, 390 F.3d 123
(9th Cir. 2007); Whosis v. Whatchamacallit,
330 F.3d 321 (6th Cir. 2005).
55. Id.

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 Supra and hereinafter
OK to use for: Generally not OK to use
for:
books cases
articles statutes
reports constitutions
nonprint sources restatements
legislative hearings
internal cross-refs

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 Font
Use the same font as if citing the
whole work e.g.,
large and small caps for book authors
ordinary roman for author of law
review article

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 Examples
107. JANE K. WINN & BENJAMIN WRIGHT, THE LAW OF
ELECTRONIC COMMERCE 3.3 (4th ed. 2007).
108. This Company v. That Company, 200 P.3d 789

(Cal. 2005).
109. See WINN & WRIGHT, supra note 107.

110. See also Svantesson, supra note 60, at 120.

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 Use Hereinafter
if supra form would be cumbersome

if supra form would be ambiguous

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 Examples
84. See U.S. GEN. ACCOUNTING OFFICE, CHARITABLE
CHOICE: FEDERAL GUIDANCE ON STATUTORY PROVISIONS
COULD IMPROVE CONSISTENCY OF IMPLEMENTATION 22-
23 (2002) [hereinafter GAO, CHARITABLE CHOICE].
Other stuff, another source.
85. See GAO, CHARITABLE CHOICE, supra note 84, at

22-23.
116 Harv. L. Rev. 1353, 1377 (2003)

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 Word Tips for Cross-References
Legal Andrew, Harness the Power of Word
Cross-References for Mammoth Documents

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Gallagher Law Library
University of Washington School of Law
Box 353025
Seattle WA 98195-3025
http://lib.law.washington.edu

We are happy to have our guides used by other libraries,

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one of our guides, please contact Cheryl Nyberg (cnyberg [at]
uw.edu) to obtain permission. Then give appropriate
attribution, such as: "Adapted from a guide by Mary Whisner
at the Gallagher Law Library website."

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