Khi qut nhng vn v dng chuyn

ng nn c
Compressible flow : some preliminary aspects

1. Gii thiu - Introduction

2. Nhc li nhng c tnh nhit ng lc hc c bn
Brief review of thermodynamics
3. nh ngha tnh nn c ca lu cht Definition
of compressibility
4. Cc phng trnh c bn ca dng chuyn ng
nn c khng nht Governing equation for
inviscid compressible flow
5. nh ngha v cc iu kin dng Definition of
stagnation conditions
6. Cc vn ca dng chuyn ng trn m : sng
shock Some aspects of supersonic flow : shock
waves
 1 . Gii thiu - Introduction
30/9/1935 : 5th Volta Conference, Rome, Italy
Leading aerodynamicists
Theodore Von Karman, Eastman Jacobs from US
Ludwig Prandtle, Adoft Buseman from Germany
Jakobs Ackeret from Switzeland
G.I Taylor from England
Topic : High velocities in Aviation : effects of compressiblity at high
subsonic speeds, effects of variable density
At the moment the jet engines hasnt been developed, airplane speed at 130
mi/h. Airplane aerodynamics at 500 mi/h and faster are discussed.
The 5th Volta Conference launched the world aerodynamic community into the
area of high-speed subsonic and supersonic flight

Tri ngc vi dng chuyn ng khng nn c, vn tc nh, hai vn

ch cht ca dng chuyn ng vn tc ln l : khi lng ring thay i v
nng lng ln. Mt dng chuyn ng vn tc ln l dng c nng lng
cao.
V d : xt chuyn ng ca khng kh gp 2 ln vn tc m thanh iu kin mt bin tiu chun
Ni nng : 2.07x105 J/kg air
ng nng : (ln hn) 2.31x105 J/kg air
Khi vn tc gim, mt phn ng nng mt i v xut hin dng tng ni nng, ngha l tng nhit
ca dng kh
V vy i vi dng chuyn ng vn tc ln, s chuyn ha nng lng v thay i
nhit l nhng vn quan trng, ay l vn ca nhit ng lc hc. Do , nhit
ng lc hc l mt ch ct li khi nghin cu dng chuyn ng nn c.
 2. Nhc li nhng c tnh nhit
ng lc hc c bn

Khi nim v kh l tng

Ni nng v enthalpy
nh lut 1 nhit ng lc hc
Entropy v nh lut 2 nhit ng lc hc
 2.1 Kh l tng perfect gas
Cht kh l tp hp ca cc ht (phn t, nguyn t, ion, electron)
chuyn ng t hay nhiu hn lon. Do cu trc in t ca cc ht
hnh thnh trng lc in t quanh chng. Trng lc ny l do mt
ht tin ra bn ngoi v tng tc vi cc ht ln cn v ngc li, gi
l lc ht ni phn t (intermolecular forces).
Nu khong cch ca cc ht to thnh cht kh cch xa nhau ln,
nh hng ca lc ht ni phn t l nh v c th b qua. Cht kh
c gi l kh l tng.
i vi kh l tng : p sut, khi lng ring, nhit lin quan qua
phng trnh trng thi
P = RT
R : hng s kh, /v cht kh khc nhau c R khc nhau (specific air
constant). Khng kh iu kin chun c R = 287 J/kg.K
iu kin nhit v p sut ca dng chuyn ng nn c trong
thc t, khong cch trung bnh gia cc ht trong cht kh l hn 10
ln ng knh, xa p dng gi thit kh l tng
Pv = RT
v : th tch ring v = 1/
 2.2 Ni nng v enthalpy Internal energy and
enthalpy
Nng lng ca mt phn t kh l tng hp :
ng nng do chuyn ng tnh tin (phn t chuyn ng hn lon
trong khng gian v va chm vi cc phn t ln cn)
ng nng do chuyn ng quay (quanh trc lin kt nguyn t)
ng nng v th nng do dao ng nguyn t theo trc (cc nguyn
t dao ng tin li dc theo hoc bng ngang trc lin kt)
Nng lng in electron (electron chuyn ng quanh ht nhn)

Xt mt th tch kh hu hn cha mt s lng ln cc phn t.

Tng nng lng ca tt c cc phn t kh trong th tch ny c
nh ngha l ni nng
Ni nng n v e = ni nng/khi lng kh
(specific internal energy)
Enthalpy n v h = e + pv
i vi kh l tng, e v h ph thuc nhit T : e = e(T), h = h(T)
de, dh : vi phn bin thin ca e v h : de = cv dT, dh = cpdT
Cv : nhit dung ring ng tch, cp : nhit dung ring ng p
cv = cv(T), cp = cp(T)
 2.2 Ni nng v enthalpy Internal energy and
enthalpy
Khi T < 1000K : cv, cp cste. Kh l tng c cv, cp cste c gi l
calorically perfect gas : e = cvT, h = cpT gi thit cho nhiu ng dng
thc tin ca dng chuyn ng nn c c nhit tng i.
cv, cp cste : dng chuyn ng nn c c nhit cao km theo
phn ng ho hc, vn tc cao (space shutter)
e, h : bin s v trng thi nhit ng lc hc i.e chng ph thuc vo
trng thi ca cht kh (nhit T) nhng khng ph thuc vo qu
trnh bin i (ng p, ng tch)
i vi 1 cht kh, cv, cp c mi lin h :
cp cv = R
nh ngha : = cp / cv : =1.4 i vi khng kh iu kin chun

R R
Cp = and Cv =
-1 -1
 2.3 nh lut 1 nhit ng lc hc First law of
thermodynamics
gi thit rng h thng khng ph thuc thi gian (stationnary)
q : nhit lng vi phn tc ng vo h thng qua ng bin (ex :
radiation from the surroundings, absorbed by the mass; thermal
conduction due to temperature gradient across boundary)
w : cng thc hin bi mi trng vo h thng (ex : displacement
of the boundary, squeezing the volume of the system to a smaller
value)
Nhit lng v cng tc ng vo h thng dn n s bin i
nng lng First law of thermodynamics :
q + w = de
de : vi phn nng lng, e : bin trng thi c gi tr ph thuc trng
thi u v cui
q, w : ph thuc vo qu trnh bin i ca h thng t trng thi
ban u n trng thi cui w Mi
System trng
(fixed mass)

q
Bin
2.3 nh lut 1 nhit ng lc hc First law of
thermodynamics

C 3 loi qu trnh :
on nhit (adiabatic) (no heat added or taken
away from the system)
thun nghch (reversible) (no dissipative
phenomena ex : absence of viscosity effect,
thermal conductivity, mass diffusion) :
w = -pdv q - pdv = de (first law)
ng entropy : on nhit v thun nghch
 2.3 Entropy v nh lut 2 nhit ng lc hc
Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics
Entropy l mt bin trng thi, c nh ngha m bo
hng din ra ng ca 1 qu trnh
q rev q
ds = hay ds = + ds irrev
T T
q : nhit lng tc ng vo h thng trong mt qu trnh khng thun
nghch
dsirres : bin thin ca entropy tng ng qu trnh khng thun nghch (due
to irreversible dissipative phenomena of viscosity, thermal conductivity and
mass diffusion).
Cc hin tng tiu hao ny lun lun gia tng entropy dsirres 0
ds q /T
on nhit q = 0 : ds 0
2e law of thermodynamics : 1 qu trnh din ra theo hng tng entropy hay
t nht l entropy khng i
 2.3 Entropy v nh lut 2 nhit ng lc hc
Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics
Xc nh entropy : xt 1 h thng thun nghch. p dng
nh lut 1 v nh ngha entropy
Tds =de+pdv l 1 theo
bin s
Tds=dh-vdp entropy
Kh l tng :
dh=cpdT
de=cvdT
dT pdv
ds = c v +
T T
dT vdp
ds = c p -
T T
 2.3 Entropy v nh lut 2 nhit ng lc hc
Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics

p dng pt trng thi : pv=RT dT Rdv

ds = c v +
T v
dT Rdp
ds = c p -
T p
Xt 1 qu trnh nhit ng lc hc c trng thi u v cui, k hiu 1 v 2

T2 v2 Cng thc xc nh entropy gia

s 2 _ s1 = c v ln + R ln 2 trng thi cho kh l tng c Cp,
T1 v1 Cv hng s
T2 p2 Entropy s l hm s ph thuc
s 2 _ s1 = c p ln - Rln
T1 p1 hai bin trng thi s=s(p,T) hay
s=s(v,T)
 2.4 Quan h ng entropy Isentropic relations

nh ngha isentropic =adiabatic+reversible :

ds=0 : entropy constant
p 2 c p T2
ln = ln
p1 R T1
cp
R _1
p2 T T
= ( 2) = ( 2)
p1 T1 T1

Quan h gia p sut nhit , khi lng ring cho 1 qu

trnh ng entropy

p2 2 T2 _ 1
= ( ) =( ) (7.32)
p1 1 T1
 2.4 Quan h ng entropy Isentropic relations

Gi thit ng entropy c th p dng cho nhiu vn

lin quan dng nn c trong thc t, ex : dng chuyn
ng qua bin dng cnh hay dng chuyn ng trong ng
phn lc (nozzle) :
lp bin : khu vc ca cc hin tng tiu hao, entropy
tng trong lp bin. Tuy nhin, b dy lp bin rt nh so
vi min dng
bn ngoi lp bin : hin tng tiu hao ko ng k, ko
c tc dng nhit ng entropy
 3. nh ngha tnh nn c Definition of
compressibility
Vt cht t nhiu c tnh cht nn c khi lng ring thay i
Kh : d dng
Lng : tng i thp
Rn : khng thy c

1 dv Bin thin th tch ca mt phn t lu cht khi c

bin thin 1 n v p sut
v dp
 3. nh ngha tnh nn c Definition of
compressibility

1 dv Nn ng nhit
T ( )T (nhit duy tr T, s : tnh cht nhit
v dp hng s) ng lc hc chnh xc
ca lu cht
1 dv
s ( )s Nn ng entropy
(b qua ma st,
v dp ko cung cp nhit
lng)
 3. nh ngha tnh nn c Definition of
compressibility

1 dp

d Khi c s thay i p ring dp dn

n bin i khi lng ring d
d p dp
Cht lng : nh, c bin thin p sut dp d nh b
qua c
Cht kh : ln, c bin thin p sut dp d ln :
dng nn c
Cht kh-vn tc thp : dp<<, mc d ln, d b nh
hng bi dp c th gi thit cste
 3. Vn tc m thanh v s Mach

Vn tc m thanh l i lng vt l c
ngha quan trng lin quan n nhiu i
lng khc trong dng chuyn ng nn
c
S lan truyn ca sng m thanh c thc
hin theo c ch vt l no?
Lm th no xc nh vn tc m thanh?
S lan truyn m thanh ph thuc vo tnh cht
no ca lu cht?
 3. Vn tc m thanh v s Mach

S lan truyn ca sng m thanh c thc hin

theo c ch vt l no: chuyn ng hn lon v
va chm ca phn t kh, hiu ng domino
Lm th no xc nh vn tc m thanh:
khong 3/4 vn tc chuyn ng ca phn t
kh trung bnh( 8RT / )
S lan truyn m thanh ph thuc vo tnh cht
no ca lu cht? ph thuc vo nhit ca
cht kh
 4. Phng trnh cho dng chuyn ng nn c
governing equations for compressible flow
Dng chuyn ng khng nn c, khng nht : hai bin s c bn l p, V
cn 2 pt : pt lin tc v pt bo ton ng lng. Khi lng ring v nhit
T cste khng cn thit s dng pt nng lng. Ni cch khc dng
chuyn ng khng nn c tun theo cc qui lut c hc v khng cn xt
n yu t nhit ng lc hc ca lu cht
Dng chuyn ng nn c : do khi lng ring thay i, l mt bin s
cn thit c thm 1 pt pt nng lng : e,T. V vy 5 bin s chnh l :
p,V,,e,T
Phng trnh lin tc :

t dV VdS 0

.( V ) 0
V S

Bin thin Lu lng t

theo thi ra khi th
gian khi tch kim
lng trong sot qua b
th tch V mt S
Phng trnh ng lng Momentum equation
Phng trnh nng lng Energy equation
 5. nh ngha iu kin dng Definition
of stagnation (total) conditions
p sut tnh : php o cc chuyn ng hn lon ca cc phn t kh, l
p sut cm thy khi ta chuyn ng cng vi dng kh vn tc cc b
(static pressure is a measure of purely random motion of molecules in a
gas, it is a pressure you feel when you ride along with the gas at the local
flow velocity)
p sut im dng (ton th) : p sut ti im c vn tc bng khng
Xt mt phn t lu cht i qua mt im c nh trong dng chuyn ng,
ti c p, T, (gi tr tnh), V. Gim vn tc ca dng chuyn ng V = 0
theo quy trnh on nhit
nhit tnh T To nhit im dng, h = ho, ho=cpTo
To, ho : cc i lng nh ngha
T pt nng lng, ta rt ra cc mi lin h ca nhit im dng To v
enthalpy ton th ho , gi thit on nhit q =0, b qua lc th tch
2
D (e V )
2 . pV (7.45)
Dt
2
D(h V ) p
2 (7.51)
Dt t
 5. nh ngha iu kin dng Definition of
stagnation (total) conditions
2
p D(h V )
steady 0 (7.51) become 2 0 (7.52)
t Dt
2
h V cste (7.53), along a streamline with assumption
2
steady, adiabatic , inviscid

p dng (7.53) cho im ti vn tc c gim xung bng 0 theo qu trnh

on nhit Total enthalpy : ho = h+V2/2 (7.54) : total enthalpy ti bt k im
no trong min dng bng tng ca static enthalpy v ng nng
Theo (7.52) v vi 3 gi thit (thng trc, on nhit, khng nht) : Total
enthalpy : ho =cste (trn 1 ng dng) (7.55). y l pt nng lng c n
gin ha t pt tch phn v vi phn tng qut
Nu tt c ng dng u xut pht t 1 ngun u, total enthalpy ho l nh
nhau cho tt c ng dng, ho = freestream value
i vi kh l tng c nhit dung ring hng s : ho=cpTo = cste To =cste : l
pt nng lng
 5. nh ngha iu kin dng Definition of
stagnation (total) conditions
Lu :
Pt (7.51) n (7.53) : tnh cht ca dng chuyn ng on nhit
(7.54) : nh ngha ca total enthalpy
 5. nh ngha iu kin dng Definition of
stagnation (total) conditions
Qu trnh ng entropy
Xt mt phn t lu cht i qua mt im c nh
trong dng chuyn ng, ti c p, T, (gi tr
tnh), V. Gim vn tc ca dng chuyn ng
V=0 theo quy trnh ng entropy, ta nh ngha
p sut tnh p total pressure po
Khi lng ring total density o
Nhit T To nhit im dng
ti 1 im trong min chuyn ng c cc gi
tr tnh, ta c th nh ngha cc i lng tng
ng vi iu kin dng