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FROM LOGS
OPENHOLE LOG EVALUATION
Well Log
SP Resistivity
POROSITY DETERMINATION BY LOGGING
Shale
Oil sand
Shale
Bulk density
Sonic (acoustic)
Compensated neutron
4100
Density
correction
4200
Caliper
Mud cake
(mc + hmc)
Formation (b)
Long spacing
detector
Short spacing
detector
Source
BULK DENSITY
b ma 1 f
Matrix Fluids in
flushed zone
Measures electron density of a formation
Strong function of formation bulk density
Matrix bulk density varies with lithology
Sandstone 2.65 g/cc
Limestone 2.71 g/cc
Dolomite 2.87 g/cc
POROSITY FROM DENSITY LOG
Porosity equation ma b
ma f
Fluid density equation
f mf Sxo h 1 Sxo
We usually assume the fluid density (f) is between 1.0 and 1.1. If gas is present, the
actual f will be < 1.0 and the calculated porosity will be too high.
mf is the mud filtrate density, g/cc
h is the hydrocarbon density, g/cc
Sxo is the saturation of the flush/zone, decimal
DENSITY LOGS
Working equation (hydrocarbon zone)
b S xo mf 1 S xo hc
Vsh sh 1 Vsh ma
10800
Bulk Density
10900
Log
NEUTRON LOG
10800
Neutron
10900
Log
ACOUSTIC (SONIC) LOG
E3
E1
T0 E2
50
sec
COMMON LITHOLOGY MATRIX
TRAVEL TIMES USED
Vsh t sh 1 Vsh t ma
tL = tf + (1 - ) tma
or
tL t ma
s
t f t ma
s = Porosity calculated from sonic log reading, fraction
tL = Travel time reading from log, microseconds/ft
tma = Travel time in matrix, microseconds/ft
tf = Travel time in fluid, microseconds/ ft
ACOUSTIC (SONIC) LOG
GR DT
0 API 200 140 USFT 40
CALIX SPHI
6 IN 16 30 % 10
4100
Sonic
porosity
4200
Caliper
SONIC LOG
The response can be written as follows:
t log t ma 1 t f
tlog t ma
t f t ma
10800
Sonic
Log
10900
EXAMPLE
Calculate porosity. Does this value agree with density and neutron
logs?
Assume a matrix travel time, tm = 51.6 sec/ft. In addition, assume the formation is
saturated with water having a tf = 189.0 sec/ft.
EXAMPLE SOLUTION SONIC LOG
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC SPHI
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15 45 ss -15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
10700
10800
SPHI
10900
FACTORS AFFECTING SONIC
LOG RESPONSE
Unconsolidated formations
Naturally fractured formations
Hydrocarbons (especially gas)
Rugose salt sections
RESPONSES OF POROSITY LOGS
e
e
Clay Lamination
Structural Clay ee
(Rock Fragments,
Rip-Up Clasts,
Clay-Replaced Grains)
GEOLOGICAL AND PETROPHYSICAL
DATA USED TO DEFINE FLOW UNITS
Core Pore Petrophysical Gamma Ray Flow
Core Lithofacies
Plugs Types Data Log Units
vs k Capillary
Pressure
1
Schematic Reservoir Layering Profile
in a Carbonate Reservoir
Flow unit
Baffles/barriers
3250
3250 3250 3200 3250
3300 3250
3200
3250
3350 3350