Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Operation Mechanism
Characteristics of LD
LD Design (1): control of electronic properties
LD Design (2): control of optical properties
Advanced LD Structures
Applications of LD
1
Introduction to the Semiconductor Laser
2
From LED to LD: Improvement by an Optical Cavity
3
Comparison between an LD and LED
4
Stimulated Emission
Stimulation emission
5
Optical Resonant Cavity
6
Resonant modes of a laser cavity
Longitudinal modes
determine the output-light wavelength
Lateral modes
leading to subpeaks on the sides of the
fundamental modes, and resulting in
kinks in the output-current curve.
suppressed by the stripe-geometry
structure
Transverse modes
generating hot spots
suppressed by thin active layer design
Suppressing lateral and transverse mode
is necessary to improve the performance
of lasers.
Single-mode laser: the laser operates in the
fundamental transverse and lateral modes but
with several longitudinal modes.
Single-frequency laser: the laser operates in
only one longitudinal mode.
7
Longitudinal modes of a laser cavity
8
Population Inversion (1)
9
Population Inversion (2)
10
Carrier and Optical Confinement
11
Homojunction and Heterojunction Laser
Homojunction Laser
pulse mode output
large threshold current density
operated at low temperature
broad spectral width of output light
Improvement Heterojunction Laser
Heterojunction Laser
(1) Single-Heterojunction Laser (SH Laser)
(2) Double-Heterojunction Laser (DH Laser)
(3) Stripe-geometry DH Laser
(4) Single quantum well (SQW) Laser
(5) Multiple quantum well (MQW) Laser
(6) Strained layer superlattice (SLS) structure
12
Double-Heterojunction (DH) Laser
13
Threshold Current Density
Gain (g)
the incremental optical energy flux per unit
length
Threshold Gain
the gain satifies the condition that a light
wave makes a complete traveral of the
cavity without attenuation
1 1
g n
L R
is the confinement factor, is the loss per
unit length, L is the length of the cavity, R is
the reflectance of the ends of the cavity
Threshold Current Density (Jth)
the minimum current density required for
lasing to occur
J 0d d 1 1
J th J0 ln
g 0 L R
To reduce Jth, we can increase , , L, R
and reduce d,
14
Characteristics of the DH laser
15
Emission Spectra of the typical DH laser
16
Design considerations for laser diode performance
17
Stripe Geometry Laser
18
Single Frequency Laser
19
Distributed Feedback (DFB) Laser
0 B
m 1
2 B
2
2nL
where 0 is the oscillating wavelength
DFB lasers have been made with sawed end
facets or with antireflection coating to suppress
the Fabry-Perot modes.
The DFB laser main advantage is its very small
temperature dependence.
20
Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) Laser
21
Cleaved-Coupled-Cavity (C3) Laser
22
Quantum Well Laser
23
Multiple Quantum Well (MQW) Laser
24
Graded Index Separate Confinement Heterostructure
(GRINSCH) Laser
25
GRINSCH Laser
26
Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL)
27