MODULE 19

Machine Guarding
 What hazards exist?

Crushed by or drawn into equipment

Struck by moving parts
Struck by failed components or particles

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 Key parts of machines

1. Point of operation: where work is

performed on the material, such as cutting,
shaping, boring, or forming of stock.
2. Power Transmission Device: transmits
energy to the part of the machine performing
the work
Includes flywheels, pulleys, belts, connecting
rods, couplings, cams, spindles, chains, cranks,
and gears.

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 Key parts of machines

3. Operation Controls: Control

mechanisms
4. Other moving parts: can include
reciprocating, rotating, and transverse
moving parts, feed mechanisms, and
auxiliary parts of the machine

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 Hazards to be Guarded

Things to guard include

In-running nip points
Rotating equipment
Flying chips or sparks
Belts or gears
Parts that impact or shear

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 Rotating Parts

Can grip hair or clothing

Can force the body into a dangerous
position
Projecting pieces increase risk

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 In-Running Nip Points

Between 2 rotating parts

Between rotating and tangential parts
Between rotating and fixed parts which
shear, crush, or abrade

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 Reciprocating Parts

Risk of being struck between stationary

and moving part

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 Transverse motion

Continuous straight line motion

Worker struck or caught in pinch or
shear point

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 Cutting action

Direct injury from cutting action

Flying chips or sparks
Saws, drills, lathes, mills

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 Punching action

Ram stamps materials

Danger at point of operation

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 Shearing action

Powered blade that shears materials

Hazard at point of operation

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 Bending action

Power applied to a slide to stamp/shape

materials
Hazard at point of operation

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 Guarding Principles

Prevent contact between hazardous moving

parts and body or clothing
Secure guard: not easily removed
Protect from objects falling into machinery
No new hazards: sharp/rough edges
No interference with job/comfort/speed
Allow safe lubrication: without removing
guards if possible

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 Guarding Methods

Location / distance
Guards
Fixed
Interlocked
Adjustable
Self-adjusting

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 Guarding Methods

Devices
Presence sensing
Pullback
Restraint
Safety controls (tripwire cable, two-hand
control, etc.)
Gates

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 Guarding Methods

Feeding & ejection methods

Automatic and/or semi-automatic feed and
ejection
Robots
Miscellaneous aids
Awareness barriers
Protective shields
Hand-feeding tools
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 Fixed Guard

Barrier is a
permanent part of
machine
Preferable over other
types

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 Interlocked Guard

Stops motion when guard is opened or

removed
Interlocked
guard on
revolving drum

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 Adjustable Guard

Barrier may
be adjusted
for variable
operations
Bandsaw blade
What are the adjustable guard
drawbacks?

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 Self-Adjusting Guard

Adjusts according to size/position of

material
Circular table saw
self-adjusting guard

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 Pullback Device

Cables attached to
operators hands or
wrists
Removes hands
from point of
operation during
danger period
What are the
drawbacks?

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 Restraint Device

Cables attached to
fixed point and
wrists or hands
Adjustable to let
hands travel in
predetermined area
May be
accompanied by
hand-feeding tools

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 Safety Tripwire Cable

Device located
around the
perimeter of or
near the danger
area
Operator must be
able to reach the
cable to stop the
machine
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 Two-Hand Control

Requires constant
pressure on both
pads to activate
the machine
Hands on controls
at safe distance
while machine is
in dangerous
cycle
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 Gate

Must close fully to protect user before

cycle will start

Gate Open Gate Closed

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 Safeguarding by
Location/Distance
Location of hazardous parts that is
inaccessible or not a hazard during
normal operation
Must maintain safe distance
Training, warning, communication
necessary

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 Protective Shields

Protection from flying particles or

splashing fluids
Do not protect
completely from
machine hazards

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 What regulations apply?

29 CFR 1910 Subpart O

29 CFR 1910 Subpart P for hand and
portable power tools
API RP 54 6.8 Machinery and Tools

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29 CFR 1910 SUBPART O
Machinery and Machine Guarding
 Organization

211.Definitions
212.General requirements for all machines
213.Woodworking machinery requirements
215.Abrasive wheel machinery
216.Mills and calenders in the rubber and
plastics industries
217.Mechanical power presses
218.Forging machines
219.Mechanical power-transmission apparatus
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29 CFR 1910.212
General Requirements
 1910.212(a) Machine guarding

1. One or more types of guarding to

protect from hazards.
Barrier guards
Two-hand tripping devices
Electronic safety devices
Etc.
2. Affixed to machine where possible
Guard must not cause its own hazard
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 1910.212(a) Machine guarding

3. Point of operation guarding:

ii. Guarded if exposes employee to injury
According to standards or
Keep any part of body out of danger zone
iii. Hand tools to permit material handling
in addition to guards, not instead
iv. Examples of machines requiring guards
on point of operation

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 1910.212(a) Machine guarding

4. Revolving barrels, drums, containers

guarded by interlocked enclosure
(cannot turn without guard in place)
5. Exposure to fan blades: guard
openings 1/2 inch

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 1910.212(b) Anchoring fixed
machinery
Machines designed for fixed location
must be anchored to prevent moving

This pedestal grinder is

designed for anchoring,
but is not anchored

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29 CFR 1910.215
Abrasive Wheel Machinery
 1910.215(a) General
requirements
Abrasive wheels
must be guarded,
with exceptions
Guard design
dependent on type
of work and type of
wheel

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 1910.215(a) General
requirements
Work rests:
Rigid, clamped in place securely
Adjusted to within 1/8 inch of wheel
Never adjusted while in motion

Work rest is closely

adjusted

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 1910.215(b)(9) Exposure
adjustment
For type where operator
stands in front of
opening: Adjustable for
decreasing wheel size
Adjustable tongue
guard must never be
more than inch from
wheel

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 1910.215(d) Mounting

Inspect for damage and ring test

immediately before mounting
Tap with light nonmetallic implement
(screwdriver, wooden mallet)
If sound is dead, cracked ring may not be
used
Check spindle speed against maximum
for wheel
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 Ring Test

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29 CFR 1910.219

Mechanical Power-Transmission
Apparatus
 Organization of 1910.219

(a) General requirements

(b) Prime-mover guards
(1) Flywheels
(2) Cranks and connecting rods
(3) Tail rods or extension piston rods
(c) Shafting
(d) Pulleys

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 Organization of 1910.219

(e) Belt, rope, and chain drives

(f) Gears, sprockets, and chains
(g) Guarding friction drives
(h) Keys, setscrews, and other projections
(i) Collars and couplings
(j) Bearings and facilities for oiling
(k) Guarding of clutches, cutoff couplings,
and clutch pulleys
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 Organization of 1910.219

(l) Belt shifters, clutches, shippers, poles,

perches, and fasteners
(m) Standard guards-general
requirements
(o) Approved materials
(p) Care of equipment

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Machine Guarding
Hazards on Oil and Gas Sites
 Parts Requiring Guarding

Drive belts and shafts mud pumps

and tank area
Pony rods
Rotating parts
Shale shaker
Agitator shafts & couplings
Moving generator parts
(explore)
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 Mud Pumps

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 Shale Shaker

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 Generators

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 Parts Requiring Guarding

Air compressors
Crown sheaves
Kelly bushing or controls
Rotary chain drive
Air hoist line
Drawworks
Bench grinder wheels
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 Crown Sheaves

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 Kelly and Bushing

Alternative Abatement:
STD 1-12.28 CH-1

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 Drawworks

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 Parts Requiring Guarding

Belts, drive chains, gears and drives on

power and hand tools
Traveling blocks
Sheaves
Cathead?

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 Drilling Line

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 Traveling Block

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 Hoisting Line

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Machine Guarding
Safety Responsibilities
 Safety Responsibilities
Management:
Ensure all machinery is properly guarded
Supervisors:
Train employees on specific guard rules in their areas
Ensure machine guards remain in place and are
functional
Immediately correct machine guard deficiencies
Employees:
Do not remove guards unless machine is locked and
tagged
Report machine guard problems to supervisors
immediately
Do not operate equipment unless guards are in place
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 Training

Operators/affected employees should receive

training on:
Hazards associated with particular machines
How the safeguards provide protection and the
hazards for which they are intended
How and why to use the safeguards
How and when safeguards can be removed and
by whom
What to do if a safeguard is damaged, missing, or
unable to provide adequate protection
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29 CFR 1910 Subpart P and 1926 Subpart I
Hand and Portable Power Tools
 Construction vs. General
Industry
Construction, alteration, or repair?
Applicable standard depends on type of
operations:
1910 Subpart P: Hand and Portable
Powered Tools and Other Hand-Held
Equipment
1926 Subpart I: Tools Hand and Power

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 1910.242 General

Employer is responsible for safe

condition of tools and equipment
Including equipment furnished by
employee
Compressed air must not be used for
cleaning unless:
Reduced to <30 p.s.i.
Only with effective chip guarding and PPE

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 1910.243(a) Portable powered
tools
Portable circular saws >2 in. guarded
Automatic return to covering position
Switches and controls:
constant pressure control for circular and
chain saws
other controls for other tools as
appropriate

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 1910.243(a) Portable powered
tools
Portable belt sanding machine guarding
Nip points
Unused run of sanding belt
Cracked saws: remove from service
Grounding: Meet Subpart S

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 1910.243(b) Pneumatic powered
tools and hose
Tool retainer to prevent ejection
Airhose designed for applied pressure
and service

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 1910.243 Guarding of portable
powered tools
c. Portable abrasive wheels:
Must be guarded
Ring test and inspection
d. Explosive actuated fastening tools
e. Power lawnmowers
Guarding
Controls and shutoff device
Labeling, manuals
Design
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 1910.244 Other portable tools
and equipment
a. Jacks
Loading and marking
Operation and maintenance
b. Abrasive blast cleaning nozzles:
operating valve and support

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 1926.300 General requirements

Maintained in safe condition whether

furnished by employer or employee
Shall be guarded when designed to
accommodate guards
Moving parts that create hazards shall
be guarded by one or more methods
Fan openings; anchoring machinery

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 1926.300 General requirements

Abrasive wheel guards

PPE if necessary for objects, particles,
gases
Allowable switches by tool type

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 1926.301 Hand tools

Use of unsafe hand tools not

permitted
Wrenches shall not be used when
jaws are sprung to the point of
slippage
Including adjustable, pipe, end &
socket wrenches
Impact tools shall be kept free of
mushroomed heads
Such as drift pins, wedges & chisels
Wooden handles shall be kept
Free of splinters or cracks
Tight in the tool
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 1926.302 Power-operated hand
tools
Electric power-operated tools
Double-insulated or grounded
Never hold by the cord
Pneumatic power-operated tools
Secure tools, attachments, and muzzle
Compressed air use restrictions
Never hold by the hose
Reduce pressure in case of hose failure
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 1926.302 Power-operated hand
tools
Fuel operated tools
Stop while refueling or servicing
Watch concentrations in enclosed spaces
Hydraulic power tools
Fire-resistant fluids
Safe operating pressures
Powder-actuated tools

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 1926 Subpart I Organization

1926.303 Abrasive wheels and tools

1926.304 Woodworking tools
1926.305 Jacks
1926.306 Air receivers
1926.307 Mechanical power-
transmission apparatus

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