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Pipe Networks

Pipeline systems
Transmission lines
You are here Pipe networks
Measurements
Manifolds and diffusers
Pumps
Transients
School of Civil and
Monroe L. Weber-Shirk Environmental Engineering
Pipeline systems:
Pipe networks
Water distribution systems for municipalities
Multiple sources and multiple sinks connected
with an interconnected network of pipes.
Computer solutions!
KYpipes
WaterCAD
CyberNET
EPANET http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/wswrd/epanet.html
Water Distribution System
Assumption
Each point in the a
system can only have
one _______
pressure 1 2
The pressure change
from 1 to 2 by path a
must equal the b
pressure change from
1 to 2 by path b

p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z 2 hL
2g 2g
2
p 2 p1 V1 V22
z1
a
z2 hL
a
Same for path b!
2g 2g a
Water Distribution System
Assumption
V12 V22 V12 V22
a
z1 a
z2 hL b
z1 b
z 2 hL
2g 2g a
2g 2g b

a
1 2
Pressure change by path a

b
hL hL
a b
zero
Or sum of head loss around loop is _____.
(Need a sign convention)
Pipe diameters are constant or K.E. is small
Model withdrawals as occurring at nodes so
V is constant between nodes
Pipes in Parallel
Find discharge given pressure at A and B
Q1
______&
energy ____
S-J equation
Qtotal A Q2 B
add flows
Find head loss given the total flow
assume a discharge Q1 through pipe 1
solve for head loss using the assumed discharge
using the calculated head loss to find Q2
assume that the actual flow is divided in the same
proportion as the assumed flow
_________
Networks of Pipes
Mass conservation at all nodes
____ __________ 0.32 m /s
3
A
0.28 m3/s

The relationship between head ?


loss and discharge must be
maintained for each pipe
Darcy-Weisbach equation
Swamee-Jain
_____________
Exponential friction formula a
_____________
Hazen-Williams 1 2

b
Network Analysis
Find the flows in the loop given the inflows
and outflows.
The pipes are all 25 cm cast iron (=0.26 mm).

0.32 m3/s A B 0.28 m3/s

100 m

0.10 m3/s C D
0.14 m3/s
200 m
Network Analysis

Assign a flow to each pipe link


Flow into each junction must equal flow out
of the junction
arbitrary

0.32 m3/s A B 0.28 m3/s


0.32
0.00 0.04
0.10 m3/s C D
0.14 m3/s
0.10
Network Analysis
h f 34.7m
Calculate the head loss in each pipe 1

h f 0.222m
8 fL 2 2

h f 5 2 Q f=0.02 for Re>200000 h f 3.39m


gD 3

h f =kQ Q Sign convention +CW h f 0.00m


4

4
8(0.02)(200) 2 k1,k3=339
k1 339
(9.8)(0.25)5 2
s
m 5 k2,k4=169 h fi 31.53m
i1

0.32 m3/s A 1 B 0.28 m3/s


4 2

0.10 m3/s C 3 D
0.14 m3/s
Network Analysis
The head loss around the loop isnt zero
Need to change the flow around the loop
clockwise flow is too great (head loss is
the ___________
positive)
reduce the clockwise flow to reduce the head loss
Solution techniques
optimizes correction
Hardy Cross loop-balancing (___________ _________)
Use a numeric solver (Solver in Excel) to find a change
in flow that will give zero head loss around the loop
Use Network Analysis software (EPANET)
Numeric Solver
Set up a spreadsheet as shown below.
the numbers in bold were entered, the other cells are
calculations
initially Q is 0
use solver to set the sum of the head loss to 0 by changing Q
the column Q0+ Q contains the correct flows
Q 0.000
pipe f L D k Q0 Q0+Q hf
P1 0.02 200 0.25 339 0.32 0.320 34.69
P2 0.02 100 0.25 169 0.04 0.040 0.27
P3 0.02 200 0.25 339 -0.1 -0.100 -3.39
P4 0.02 100 0.25 169 0 0.000 0.00
Sum Head Loss 31.575
Solution to Loop Problem

Q0+ Q



0.32 m3/s A 1 B 0.28 m3/s


4 0.218 2

0.102 0.062

0.202
0.10 m /s3 C 3 D
0.14 m3/s

Better solution is software with a GUI showing the pipe network.


Network Elements
Controls
Check valve (CV)
Pressure relief valve
Pressure reducing valve (PRV)
Pressure sustaining valve (PSV)
Flow control valve (FCV)
Pumps: need a relationship between flow and head
Reservoirs: infinite source, elevation is not affected
by demand
Tanks: specific geometry, mass conservation applies
Check Valve

Valve only allows flow in one direction


The valve automatically closes when flow
begins to reverse

open closed
Pressure Relief Valve
closed open
pipeline

relief flow

Low pipeline pressure High pipeline pressure

Valve will begin to open when pressure in


exceeds a set pressure
the pipeline ________
(determined by force on the spring).
Where high pressure could cause an explosion (boilers, water heaters, )
Pressure Regulating Valve
sets maximum pressure downstream
closed open

High downstream pressure Low downstream pressure

Valve will begin to open when the pressure


downstream less
___________ is _________ than the setpoint
pressure (determined by the force of the spring).
Similar function to pressure break tank
Pressure Sustaining Valve
sets minimum pressure upstream

closed open

Low upstream pressure High upstream pressure


Valve will begin to open when the pressure
upstream is _________
________ greater than the setpoint pressure
(determined by the force of the spring).
Similar to pressure relief valve
Flow control valve (FCV)

Limits the flow


____ rate
___
through the valve to a
specified value, in a
specified direction
Commonly used to limit
the maximum flow to a
value that will not
adversely affect the
providers system
Pressure Break Tanks

In the developing world small water supplies in


mountainous regions can develop too much
pressure for the PVC pipe.
They dont want to use PRVs because they are too
expensive and are prone to failure.
Pressure break tanks have an inlet, an outlet, and
an overflow.
Is there a better solution?
Network Analysis Extended

The previous approach works for a simple


loop, but it doesnt easily extend to a whole
network of loops
Need a matrix method
Initial guess for flows
Adjust all flows to reduce the error in pressures
__________________________
Simultaneous equations
_______________________________
Appendix D of EPANET manual
Pressure Network Analysis
Software: EPANET
reservoir
pipe junction

0.32 m3/s A 1 B 0.28 m3/s


4 0.218 2

0.102 0.062

0.202
0.10 m /s
3 C 3 D
0.14 m3/s
EPANET network solution

8 fL 2 H i H j hij rQijn mQij2


h f 5 2 Q
gD
Qj
ij Di 0
8 fL
r 5 2 AH = F
gD
Aii pij
n2 j
Aij pij
1
pij 1
8 fL pij n 1
2 5 2 Qij nr Qij 2m Qij
gD

Fi Qij Di yij pif H f
j j f

( n
yij pij r Qij m Qij
2
) sgn ( Q )
ij

Qij Qij
yij pij ( H i H j )

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