Professional Documents
Culture Documents
02 Pipe - Networks
02 Pipe - Networks
Pipeline systems
Transmission lines
You are here Pipe networks
Measurements
Manifolds and diffusers
Pumps
Transients
School of Civil and
Monroe L. Weber-Shirk Environmental Engineering
Pipeline systems:
Pipe networks
Water distribution systems for municipalities
Multiple sources and multiple sinks connected
with an interconnected network of pipes.
Computer solutions!
KYpipes
WaterCAD
CyberNET
EPANET http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/wswrd/epanet.html
Water Distribution System
Assumption
Each point in the a
system can only have
one _______
pressure 1 2
The pressure change
from 1 to 2 by path a
must equal the b
pressure change from
1 to 2 by path b
p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z 2 hL
2g 2g
2
p 2 p1 V1 V22
z1
a
z2 hL
a
Same for path b!
2g 2g a
Water Distribution System
Assumption
V12 V22 V12 V22
a
z1 a
z2 hL b
z1 b
z 2 hL
2g 2g a
2g 2g b
a
1 2
Pressure change by path a
b
hL hL
a b
zero
Or sum of head loss around loop is _____.
(Need a sign convention)
Pipe diameters are constant or K.E. is small
Model withdrawals as occurring at nodes so
V is constant between nodes
Pipes in Parallel
Find discharge given pressure at A and B
Q1
______&
energy ____
S-J equation
Qtotal A Q2 B
add flows
Find head loss given the total flow
assume a discharge Q1 through pipe 1
solve for head loss using the assumed discharge
using the calculated head loss to find Q2
assume that the actual flow is divided in the same
proportion as the assumed flow
_________
Networks of Pipes
Mass conservation at all nodes
____ __________ 0.32 m /s
3
A
0.28 m3/s
b
Network Analysis
Find the flows in the loop given the inflows
and outflows.
The pipes are all 25 cm cast iron (=0.26 mm).
100 m
0.10 m3/s C D
0.14 m3/s
200 m
Network Analysis
h f 0.222m
8 fL 2 2
4
8(0.02)(200) 2 k1,k3=339
k1 339
(9.8)(0.25)5 2
s
m 5 k2,k4=169 h fi 31.53m
i1
0.10 m3/s C 3 D
0.14 m3/s
Network Analysis
The head loss around the loop isnt zero
Need to change the flow around the loop
clockwise flow is too great (head loss is
the ___________
positive)
reduce the clockwise flow to reduce the head loss
Solution techniques
optimizes correction
Hardy Cross loop-balancing (___________ _________)
Use a numeric solver (Solver in Excel) to find a change
in flow that will give zero head loss around the loop
Use Network Analysis software (EPANET)
Numeric Solver
Set up a spreadsheet as shown below.
the numbers in bold were entered, the other cells are
calculations
initially Q is 0
use solver to set the sum of the head loss to 0 by changing Q
the column Q0+ Q contains the correct flows
Q 0.000
pipe f L D k Q0 Q0+Q hf
P1 0.02 200 0.25 339 0.32 0.320 34.69
P2 0.02 100 0.25 169 0.04 0.040 0.27
P3 0.02 200 0.25 339 -0.1 -0.100 -3.39
P4 0.02 100 0.25 169 0 0.000 0.00
Sum Head Loss 31.575
Solution to Loop Problem
Q0+ Q
0.102 0.062
0.202
0.10 m /s3 C 3 D
0.14 m3/s
open closed
Pressure Relief Valve
closed open
pipeline
relief flow
closed open
0.102 0.062
0.202
0.10 m /s
3 C 3 D
0.14 m3/s
EPANET network solution
( n
yij pij r Qij m Qij
2
) sgn ( Q )
ij
Qij Qij
yij pij ( H i H j )