Definition 2 wy Psychology — A scientific study of human Pe: and mental processes. Etymologically, it came from the Greek words, Psyche which means “soul” or “mind”, and Logos which means “the study of.”Definition Behavior - Any response or activity of an organism. It can either be simple or complex; overt or covert; conscious or unconscious; voluntary or involuntary; rational or irrational. . C4 Ww A | x oe AGoals of Psychology To Describe To Explain To Predict ! To Control | They use scientific methods to find answers that are far more valid and legitimate than those resulting from intuition and speculationImportant People in the Dev’t. of Psychology Aristotle (384 -322 BC) - He made assumptions out of observation regarding human behavior. He believed that all beings, humans included, have souls, which animate them. Humans, however, compared to other animal, have rational souls. Thus, humans are not only, physical, but also rational. He also theorized about leaming, memory, motivation, emotion, perception and personality.Important People in the Dev’t. of Psychology Rene Descartes GES eam LO RST Teen ccn tee view that humans enter the world with an inborn store of knowledge. He argued that self, perfection and Muy) Ely a MUCM ACI SR cloacae | uae ie meelare le (Rela Utoe eee ACOs a machine that can be studied. j£ncarts Encyclopedia, Hulton DeImportant People in the Dev’t. of Psychology John Locke (1632-1704) - Believed are] ale maT) COM R= CL0 Meh or a blank slate, on which experience “writes” knowledge.Important People in the Dev’t. of Psychology Charles Darwin (1809 — 1882) - He is the author of the Law of ETT IE anes Theory of Evolution; inspired the Psychological school of thought, Functionalism. Meelis ras enemaImportant People in the Dev’t. of Psychology Francis Galton (1822-1911) - He was Col ecale MUM URS UTC N Co) mate Ne LOL Reliance He was considered as the “Father of Mental tests”Important People in the Dev’t. of Psychology Ernst Weber (1795-1878); Gustav Fechner; Herman von Helmholtz (1821-1894) German Physicians who started experimenting with behavior through scientific methodologies.Important People in the Dev’'t. of Psychology 2 J Wilhelm Wundt - Considered as the “Father of 1 (ele It te) (ct 6)( 016) Aw SNE) a= UAT experimental laboratory for the study of Psychology, in Leipzig, Germany, 1879. He created a machine that measured the time lag between people’s hearing a ball hit the platform and their pressing a telegraph key. Wundt has seeking to measure the “atoms of the mind” - the fastest and simplest mental processes.Important People in the Dev’t. of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt - in his laboratory in Leipzig, GermanyImportant People in the Dev’t. of Psychology G. Stanley Hall A student of Wundt's who established what many consider as the ATEN Wainer oS ere (elem lNE-1OlNg at Johns Hopkins University in 1883.Important People in the Dev’t. of Psychology eum) ie Ly - A German who reported on the first experiments on memory, 1885. Encarta Encyclopedia eySchools of Thought 1. Structuralism (Edward Titchener) - Study of the parts of conscious experiences through introspection. Conscious experiences are composed of sensations, feelings, and images. Introspection is a process of studying the self, or self- examination. Introduced.by.St; Thomas of Aquinas.Schools of Thought yaa OCU) (William James) - Defines behavior or the mental phenomena in terms of their functions in man’s adjustment to his environment. It is very much influenced by Darwin's Theory of Evolution.Schools of Thought 3. Gestalt Psychology (Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, Kurt Koffka) Believed that the human mind imposes meaning to related experiences. It advocates that the study of human behavior should be wholistic. “The whole is greater than the sum of it 9 17 2Schools of Thought 4. Behaviorism (John B. Watson) Emphasized the need to study what is observable. Its objective was to predict and conirol behavior. Seam mC eet gate eet atSchools of Thought Pa ee (Sigmund Freud) - Much of our behavior is governed by | Mion coe nel) Te primitive biological instincts. It } considered El alee basically would like to gain pleasure and avoid pain. Encarta Encyclopedia, Culver Pictures|Contemporary Approaches ‘ Neuroscience - Views behavior from the perspective of biological functioning \ Psychodynamic - Believes behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious force over which a person has little controlContemporary Approaches ! Behavioral - Focuses on observable behavior ! Cognitive - Examines how people understand and think about the world 0 Humanistic — Contends that people can control their behavior and that they naturally try to reach their full potentialThe Scientific Method 1 The approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest. Identifying questions of interest, Formulating an explanation, (Theories and Hypotheses) Carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation.Methods Used in Psychology 1. Descriptive Research — An approach to research designed to systematically investigate a person, group, or patterns of Xa ol a. Naturalistic Observation - Research in which an investigator simply observes some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation b. Directed Observation (Survey) - Research in which people chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes.Methods Used in Psychology 1. Descriptive Research — An approach to research designed to systematically investigate a person, group, or patterns of behavior. c. Archival Research - Research in which existing data, such as census documents, college records, and newspaper clippings, are examined to test a hypothesis. d. Case Study - An in-depth, intensive investigation of an individual or small groupof people.Methods Used in Psychology 2. Correlational Method - The correlational method involves systematically measuring the relationship between two or more variables Correlation Coefficient : +1.00 to -1.00 Positive Correlation Negative CorrelationMethods Used in Psychology 3. Experimental Method - Considered as the most scientific of all methods. The researcher investigate a phenomenon by preparing 2 identical groups and altering the conditions of one of the groups; afterwards, measuring the difference. Independent Variable Dependent VariableMethods used in Psychology Population Sample 100 Randomly selected sample oie [ Randomy assigned! 1 Experimental J Controt ‘group* |E| i group |c] Expose to treatment No (independent variable) treatment ail] Compare E and ‘on dependent variable Conclusion: Any difference between the experimental group and the control group is due to treatment received by the experimental group. Experimental. Method