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THE BIT BUSINESS

TECHNICAL

PROFITABLE

COMPETITIVE

COMPLEX

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 UNIQUE TECHNOLOGIES

Drilling Demands
Design Concepts
Materials
Tungsten Carbide
PDC Inserts / Cutters
Bearing Materials
Elastomer Materials
Grease

Manufacturing
Patents

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 Business Strategy

Focus on High Cost Drilling Markets

International
Horizontal Drilling/Re-entry
Offshore

Maintain Technology Leadership

Focused R&D
Patented Designs
Customer Specific Designs
Expert Applications Technology

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 BIT TYPES

Tooth Bits Insert Bits

Steel Tooth Bits Carbide Bits
Mill Tooth Bits Button Bits

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 GENERAL ROLLER CONE TERMS

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GENERAL PDC TERMS

BLADE

NOZZLE

JUNK SLOT AREA

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 BIT BODY MATERIAL

STEEL BODIED BITS

MATRIX (TUNGSTEN CARBIDE) BODIED BITS

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 PDC BIT TERMINOLOGY

INTERCHANGEABLE NOZZLE CONE

FIXED PORT NOSE

STEEL BLANK TAPER OR FLANK

SHOULDER
CUTTERS
FACE
GAUGE
UPREAMING
DIAMOND
WELD GROOVE GAGE PAD

BIT BREAKER SLOT

SHANK BORE TUNGSTEN

CARBIDE
MATRIX
BEVEL

MAKE UP FACE
API PIN CONNECTION SHANK

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 THE CUSTOMERS
EXPECTATIONS

Drill the Interval

Drill It Faster
Low Cost
Good Dull Condition
Directional Accuracy
FORMATION FAILURE METHODS

F ROLLER CONE BIT:

COMPRESSION/CRUSHING

NATURAL DIAMOND BIT:

PLOUGHING/GRINDING

PDC BIT:
SHEARING
F
LUG DRAWING
BIT DESIGN

Cutting Structure

Hydraulics

Bearings

Seals
CHIP FORMATION

Tooth load overcomes rock compressive

strength, generates crater.
Scraping helps to remove chips from craters.

Cutter

Formation
CHIP REMOVAL

Removal of chips is required to allow for

new chip formation

Hydraulics Help to Remove Chips

Cutter

Formation
CHIP REMOVAL
 WOB Response

CHIP CREATION CHIP REMOVAL

ROP

0
0 WEIGHT on BIT
 RPM Response

CHIP CREATION CHIP REMOVAL

ROP

0
0 RPM
BOTTOM
HOLE
PATTERN
JOURNAL ANGLE
OFFSET
EFFECTS OF OFFSET
(SKEW)

Reduced Offset Increased Offset

0 3
Reduced Gage Scraping Increased Gage Scraping
More Durable Less Durable
Slower Drilling Faster Drilling
OFFSET & SKEW

Offset adds scraping at the gage and a

little on the inner rows.

Skew is a way to compare offset

across different bit sizes.
CONE PROFILES

FLAT CONE PROFILE ROUND CONE

Minimum Bottom Scraping PROFILE
More Durable Increased Bottom Scraping
Slower Drilling Less Durable
Faster Drilling
INSERT CUTTER
DESIGN

HP51 HP83

Faster Drilling Slower Drilling

Less Durable More Durable
INSERT SHAPES BY FORMATION
CARBIDE GRADE
BY FORMATION
 TOOTH & INSERT CUTTER DESIGNS

SOFT FORMATION HARD FORMATION

- Fewer Teeth - More Teeth
- Longer Teeth - Shorter Teeth
- Bigger Teeth - Smaller Teeth
- Sharper Teeth - Duller Teeth
- Round Profile - Flat Profile
- Fracture-Resistant - Wear-Resistant
Tooth Material Tooth Material

- Faster Drilling - Slower Drilling

- Less Durable - More Durable
 CUTTING STRUCTURE DESIGN DECISIONS

APPLICATION DESIGN

Formation Properties Tooth Count

Run Parameters Tooth Geometry
Shape
Mud Characteristics Tip Sharpness
Hydraulic Conditions Protrusion
Diameter
Well Profile
Tooth Material
Competitors
Tooth Placement
Performance
Risk / Cost Cone Profile
Offset
 GAGE PROTECTION

Shirttail Hardmetal
Heel Pacs in Gage Face
Inserts in Shirttail
Lug Pads
PDC Layered Inserts
CHIP REMOVAL
 BIT BALLING

Cuttings adhere to cutter surface and to hole bottom.

Reduces effective length of teeth.
Occurs in many formations, not just gumbo shales.
Balling reduces penetration rate.
MUDPICK II HYDRAULICS

Cleans Gage & Inner Teeth

Cleans Rock at Cutting Zone
Stagnant Flow Removed From Cutting Zone
 MUDPICK II, BLANKS, ASYMMETRIC

Complimentary With Mudpick II

Always Blank Nozzle Pointing to Cutter With
Fewer Gage Inserts
Always Point Big Nozzles Toward Cutter With
Most Gage Inserts
BEARINGS &
SEALS
SEALED BEARING SYSTEM
 ROCK BIT BEARINGS

Main Bearing
Retention Bearing
Thrust Bearing
Pin Bearing

Drilling Forces

AVG
WOB
 Bearing Structures

Roller Friction / Journal

ROCK BIT BEARING DESIGNS
THREADED RING
DULL AFTER ABUSE
 CONE RETENTION COMPARISON

BALL BEARING RETENTION

Concentrated Point Loads
Cyclic Point Loading Causes Spalling
THREADED RING RETENTION
Surface Contact
No Spalling
Reduces Lost Cone Rate by Two-Thirds
Optional Cutter Materials
SEALS
HNBR RADIAL SEAL
TEXTURIZED
HNBR RADIAL SEAL
OTHER SEAL OPTIONS

Reed Metal Seal

Hughes Metal Seal
Security Wave / Double
 DESIGN OPTIONS

BIT BODY / LENGTH

NUMBER OF BLADES / EXPOSURE
CUTTER SIZE
CUTTER COUNT
CUTTER TYPE
BACK RAKE / SIDE RAKE
FORCE BALANCE
HYDRAULIC CONFIGURATION
GAGE PROTECTION
A COMPROMISE
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IS GENERALLY REQUIRED
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 DESIGN PROCESS

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 BIT BODY FUNCTIONS

RETAIN AND SUPPORT CUTTERS AND NOZZLES

STRENGTH DOWNHOLE

FLOW CONTROL

ATTACHMENT TO DRILLSTRING

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 FACTORS DICTATING
BODY MATERIAL

LIFE

STRENGTH

ACCURACY

REPAIR

BIT LENGTH

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 BIT LENGTH
WHEN BIT LENGTH IS IMPORTANT

SHORT RADIUS WELL PATH

GET THE MOTOR CLOSER TO THE BIT

STABILIZATION REQUIRED CLOSE TO

THE BIT

HORIZONTAL DRILLING

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 BIT LENGTH

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 BLADES PRIMARY FUNCTIONS

SUPPORT CUTTERS AND HYBRIDS

DIRECT FLUID FLOW

INCREASE CUTTERS EXPOSURE

CHAMFERED BLADES

RESIST AXIAL/LATERAL LOADS

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 SUPPORT CUTTERS

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INCREASE CUTTERS EXPOSURE

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 RESIST LOADS

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 DIRECT FLUID FLOW

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 DIRECT FLUID FLOW

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 CUTTER SELECTION

DESIGN OBJECTIVES

DRILL BROAD RANGE OF FORMATIONS

CONSISTENTLY HIGH ROP

LONG BIT LIFE

LOW COST

A COMPROMISE IS GENERALLY REQUIRED

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 CUTTER SELECTION

CUTTER COUNT Vs. ROCK HARDNESS

CUTTER COUNT
INCREASING
2

INCREASING ROCK HARDNESS

Ex.: 1. SOFTER ROCK, FEWER CUTTERS

2. HARDER ROCK, MORE CUTTERS

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 CUTTER SIZE

19 mm
16 mm
13 mm
11 mm
8 mm

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 CUTTER SELECTION

CUTTER SIZE Vs. ROCK HARDNESS

CUTTER SIZE
INCREASING
1

INCREASING ROCK HARDNESS

Ex.: 1. SOFTER ROCK, LARGER CUTTERS

2. HARDER ROCK, SMALLER CUTTERS

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 CUTTER SELECTION

CUTTER COUNT/ CUTTER SIZE /BLADE COUNT

Vs. ROCK HARDNESS

INCREASING NUMBER OF BLADES

CUTTER COUNT
CUTTER SIZE
INCREASING

INCREASING
1

INCREASING ROCK HARDNESS

Ex.: 1. SOFTER ROCK, FEWER CUTTERS, LARGER CUTTERS, FEWER BLADES

2. HARDER ROCK, MORE CUTTERS, SMALLER CUTTERS, MORE BLADES

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 PDC CUTTER TYPES

PLANAR INTERFACE)
First design used

NPI (NON-PLANAR INTERFACE)

More surface area for bonding, thus
better mechanical bond
Reduced stress at bond
25% to 40% more diamond
available
Thicker diamond rim
Relative Abrasion Resistance of
PDC Cutters

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1979 1984 1986 1987 1988 1993 1994 1996 1998
*1994 - patent for PDC production ended
 PDC CUTTER
Materials Development

Trade-off line

Impact
Resistance

Abrasion Resistance
 DESIGN COMPROMISE

FEWER MORE
CUTTERS CUTTERS

LARGER SMALLER
CUTTERS CUTTERS

FEWER MORE
BLADES BLADES

SOFT FORMATION
HARD

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 BACK RAKE

BLADE

PDC CUTTER

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 SIDE RAKE

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 SIDE RAKE

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 HYBRID BITS

DRILLING SEQUENCE THROUGH HARD STRINGERS

STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3

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 GAUGE PROTECTION

STEEL BODIED BITS

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 GAUGE PROTECTION

MATRIX BODIED BITS

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 Reed-Hycalog Roller Cone
Bit Nomenclature

12 1/4 EHP 51 H DLK

IADC
Product Design Added
Size Cutting Variant
Line Features
Structure

17 1/2 EMS 51 A CLK

 REED-HYCALOG
ROLLER CONE
PRODUCT LINES
JOURNAL ROLLER
BEARING BEARING

HP Y
EHT MS
MHT EMS
EHP ETS
MHP
 Reed-Hycalog Fixed Cutter
Bit Nomenclature

12 1/4 DS 107 A1 HGN

Product Design Design Added

Size
Line Number Variant Features

17 1/2 4XX A1 GSU

3XX
 REED-HYCALOG
FIXED CUTTER
PRODUCT LINES
PDC NATURAL DIAMOND
& IMPREG

HYBRID-PDC DURADIAMOND
BICENTRIX 300 SERIE
STEERING WHEEL 400 SERIE
TRANSFORMATION
(SWITCHBLADE)