EKT 241/4:

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

ELECTROMAGNETIC
THEORY

CHAPTER 5 TRANSMISSION LINES

PREPARED BY: Saidatul Norlyana Azemi

snorlyana@unimap.edu.my
 Chapter Outline
General Considerations
Lumped-Element Model
Transmission-Line Equations
Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line
The Lossless Transmission Line
Input Impedance of the Lossless Line
Special Cases of the Lossless Line
Power Flow on a Lossless Transmission Line
The Smith Chart
Impedance Matching
Transients on Transmission Lines
 General Considerations
Transmission line a two-port network
connecting a generator circuit to a load.
 SoWhat is the use of
transmission line??
A transmission line is used to transmit
electrical energy/signals from one point to
another
i.e. from one source to a load.
Types of transmission line include: wires,
(telephone wire), coaxial cables, optical
fibers n etc
 The role of wavelength
length of line, l
The impact of a transmission line
on the current and voltage in the
circuit depends on the: frequency, f of the
signal provided by
generator.

At low frequency, the impact is negligible

At high frequency, the impact is very significant
 Propagation modes
Electric field lines
Magnetic field lines

Transverse waves propagating along

electromagnetic these lines having electric
and magnetic field that are
(TEM) entirely transverse to the
transmission lines direction of propagation

Propagation
modes
Higher order waves propagating along these
lines have at least one significant
transmission field component in the direction of
lines propagation
 Propagation modes

A few examples of transverse electromagnetic (TEM) and higher order transmission line
 Lumped- element model
A transmission line is represented by a parallel-
wire configuration regardless of the specific
shape of the line, (in term of lumped element
circuit model)
i.e coaxial line, two-wire line or any TEM line.
Lumped element circuit model consists of four
basic elements called the transmission line
parameters : R , L , G , C .

Series element Shunt element

 Lumped- element model
Lumped-element transmission line parameters:
R : combined resistance of both conductors per unit length, in
/m
L : the combined inductance of both conductors per unit length,
in H/m
G : the conductance of the insulation medium per unit length, in
S/m
C : the capacitance of the two conductors per unit length, in F/m

For example, a coil of wire has the property of

inductance. When a certain amount of inductance is
needed in a circuit, a coil of the proper dimension is
inserted
Lumped- element model
Lumped- element model for 3 type of lines

Note: , , pertain to the insulating material between conductors

 Exercise 1:
Use table 5.1 to compute the line
parameter of a two wire air line whose
wires are separated by distance of 2 cm,
and, each is 1 mm in radius. The wires
may be treated as perfect conductors with
c= .
R = ?, L=?, G=?, C=?
 Solution exercise 1:
fo fo
Rs Rs
R' o Rs Rs 0 R' 0

a c=

L' ln (d / 2a) (d / 2a) 2 1


G'
2
ln (d / 2a ) (d / 2a ) 1)
c= G ' 0


C'
2
ln (d / 2a ) (d / 2a ) 1)


L' ln (d / 2a) (d / 2a) 2 1

d 2cm 0.02 m
a 1mm 0.001m

0.02 0.02 2
L' ln ( ) ( ) 1
2(0.001) 2(0.001)

L' 1.20H / m

C'

ln (d / 2a ) (d / 2a ) 2 1)

d 2cm 0.02 m
a 1mm 0.001m

C'
0.02 0.02 2
ln ( ) ( ) 1
2(0.001) 2(0.001)

C ' 9.29 pF / m
 Exercise 2:
Calculate the transmission line parameters
at 1 MHz for a rigid coaxial air line with
an inner conductor diameter of 0.6 cm
and outer conductor diameter of 1.2 cm.
The conductors are made of copper.
(c=0.9991 ; c=5.8x107)
f = 1MHz
r1 = 0.006m/2 = 0.003m
r2 = 0.012m/2 = 0.006m
 Solution exercise 2:
f
Rs 1 1 Rs
R' o
2 a b
(1Mhz)
Rs Rs 2.608 x10 4
5.8 x10 7

2.608 x10 4 1 1
R'
2 0.003 0.006

R' 0.0208 / m
 BARE IN
UR MIND
L' ln( b / a)
2 o r
a 0.003 m o (const33)
From calculator
b 0.006 m
r from appendixB
0.006 (pg238)
L' ln
2 0.003

L' 0.138 H / m
 BARE IN
2 UR MIND
C'
ln b / a
o r
o (const32)
d 2cm 0.02 m From calculator
a 1mm 0.001m
r from appendixB
(pg 237)
2
C'
0.006
ln
0.003

C ' 80.3 pF / m
 2
G'
b
ln
a
Because, the material
separating the inner and
G ' 0 outer is perfect dielectric
(air) with =0, thus G = 0

G : the conductance of the

insulation medium per unit length,
in S/m
 Transmission line equations
Is used to describes the voltage and the current across the
transmission line in term of propagation constant and
impedance

Complex propagation constant,

R' jL'G' jC '
j

the real part of

- attenuation constant, unit: Np/m

the imaginary part of

- phase constant, unit: rad/m
 Transmission line equations
The characteristic impedance of the line, Z0 :

R ' jL'
Z0
G ' jC '

Phase velocity of propagating waves:

2f
u p f

where f = frequency (Hz)

= wavelength (m)
= phase constant
 Example 1
An air line is a transmission line for which air is
the dielectric material present between the two
conductors, which renders G = 0.
In addition, the conductors are made of a
material with high conductivity so that R 0.
For an air line with characteristic impedance of
50 and phase constant of 20 rad/m at 700MHz,
find the inductance per meter and the
capacitance per meter of the line.
 Solution to Example 1
The following quantities are given:
Z 0 50, 20 rad/m, f 700 MHz 7 108 Hz

With R = G = 0,

propagation constant, R' jL'G' jC '

jL' jC ' L' C '
2

L' C '
and
R' jL' L'
Z0
G ' jC ' C'
 Solution to Example 1
2
L' C ' L'
Z 0 L' C
The ratio is given by: Z 0 L' C'
C'

L'
2 Z o 2 ( L' C ' )
2 22
22ZZoo22C
C22
C'
Z oC

90.9 pF/m
20
C'
Z 0 2 7 10 50
8

We get L from Z0

Z0 L' C' L' 50 90.9 10 227 nH/m

12
2
 Lossless transmission line
Transmission line can be designed to minimize ohmic losses by
selecting high conductivities and dielectric material, thus we assume :
Lossless transmission line - Very small values of R
and G.
We set R=0 and G=0, hence:
0 (lossless line)
L' C ' (lossless line)
 Transmission line equations

Complex propagation constant,

R'0 jL'G'
0 jC '
j

the real part of

- attenuation constant, unit: Np/m

the imaginary part of

- phase constant, unit: rad/m
 Lossless transmission line
Transmission line can be designed to minimize ohmic losses by
selecting high conductivities and dielectric material, thus we assume :
Lossless transmission line - Very small values of R
and G.
We set R=0 and G=0, hence:
0 (lossless line)
L' C ' (lossless line)

R ' jL'
Z0
G ' jC '
since R' 0 and G' 0,
L'
Z0 (lossless line)
C'
 Lossless transmission line
Using the relation properties between , , :
(rad/m)
1
up (m/s)

Wavelength,
upc 1 0

f f r r

Where r = relative permittivity of the insulating

material between conductors
 Exercise 3:
For a losses transmission line, = 20.7 cm
at 1GHz. Find r of the insulating material.

=20.7cm 0.207m ; f=1 GHz

up c 1 0 3x108 1
0.207
f f r r 1GHz r

2
3x108 1 r 1.449
r r 2 .1
1GHz 0.207
 Exercise 4
A lossless transmission line of length 80
cm operates at a frequency of . The line
parameters are C 100 pF/m & L 0.25 H/m
Find the characteristic impedance, the
phase constant and the phase velocity.

The condition apply that the line is

lossless, So: R= 0 & G=0
 characteristic L L 0.25 H/m
Z0
impedance : C C 100 pF/m

0.25 x10 6
Z0 50
100 x10 12

phase constant: Im R' jL'G' jC '

With R n G = 0 L' C '

2 (600 x10 6 ) (0.25 x10 6 )(100 x10 12 )

= 18.85 rad/m
 2f
phase velocity: u p f

6
2 (600 x10 )
vp
18.85
8
2 x10 m / s
 Voltage Reflection Coefficient
Every transmission line has a resistance
associated with it, and comes about because of
its construction. This is called its characteristic
impedance, Z0.

The standard characteristic impedance value is

50. However when the transmission line is
terminated with an arbitrary load ZL, in which is
not equivalent to its characteristic impedance (ZL
Z0), a reflected wave will occur.
 Voltage reflection coefficient
Voltage reflection coefficient, the ratio of the
amplitude of the reflected voltage wave, V0- to
the amplitude of the incident voltage wave, V0+ at
the load.
Hence, V Z Z Z L / Z0 1
0 L 0 (dimentionless)
Z L / Z0 1
V0 Z L Z 0

Where reflectioncoefficient
Z L load impedance
Z 0 characteristic impedance
 Voltage reflection coefficient
~
The load impedance, ZL VL
ZL ~
IL
Where;

~ V0 V0
~
VL V0 V0
IL
Z0 Z0
~
V L = total voltage at the load
V0- = amplitude of reflected voltage wave
V0+ = amplitude of the incident voltage wave
~
I L = total current at the load
Z0 = characteristic impedance of the line
 Voltage reflection coefficient
And in case of a RL and RC series, ZL :
ZL = R + jL ; ZL = R -1/ jC
A load is matched to the line if ZL = Z0 because
there will be no reflection by the load ( = 0 and
V0= 0.
When the load is an open circuit, (ZL=), = 1
and V0- = V0+.
When the load is a short circuit (ZL=0), = -1
and V0- = V0+.
 What is the difference between
an open and closed circuit?
closed allows electricity through, and open doesn't.

open circuit - Any circuit which is not complete is considered an

open circuit. The open status of the circuit doesn't depend on how it
became unclosed, so circuits which are manually disconnected and
circuits which have blown fuses, faulty wiring or missing
components are all considered open circuits.

close circuit: A circuit is considered to be closed when electricity

flows from an energy source to the desired endpoint of the circuit. A
complete circuit which is not performing any actual work can still be
a closed circuit. For example, a circuit connected to a dead battery
may not perform any work, but it is still a closed circuit.
 Example 2
A 100- transmission line is connected to a
load consisting of a 50- resistor in series with a
10pF capacitor. Find the reflection coefficient at
the load for a 100-MHz signal.
 Solution to Example 2
The following quantities are given

RL 50, CL 10 11 F, Z 0 100, f 100 MHz 108 Hz

The load impedance is

Z L RL j / CL

50 j159
1
50 j 11
2 10 10
8

Voltage reflection coefficient is

Z L / Z 0 1 0.5 j1.59 1
0.76 60.7
Z L / Z 0 1 0.5 j1.59 1
 Z / Z 1 0.5 j1.59 1
L 0 0.76 60.7
Z L / Z 0 1 0.5 j1.59 1

2 2 1 0.5
0.5 1.59 tan
0.5 j1.59 1 1.59

0.5 j1.59 1 2 2 1 1.5
1.5 1.59 tan
1.59
1.5772.6 0.76119 .3

2.19 46.7
0.76e j119 .3
In order to convert from ve 0.76e j119 .3 (e j180 )
magnitude for by replacing the
ve sign with e-j180 0.76e j 60.7

0.76 ; r 60.7
 Maths TIP
1

2
 Exercise 5
A 150 lossless line is terminated in a
load impedance ZL= (30 j200) .
Calculate the voltage reflection coefficient
at the load.
Zo = 150 Z L Z0

ZL= (30 j200) Z L Z0

(30 j 200) 150 0.867 e j 72 .95 o

(30 j 200) 150

 Standing Waves
Interference of the reflected wave and the
incident wave along a transmission line creates
a standing wave.
Constructive interference gives maximum value
for standing wave pattern, while destructive
interference gives minimum value.
The repetition period is for incident and
reflected wave individually.
But, the repetition period for standing wave
pattern is /2.
 Standing Waves
For a matched line, ZL = Z0, = 0 and
V z = |V0+| for all values of z.
~
 Standing Waves
For a short-circuited load, (ZL=0), = -1.
 Standing Waves
For an open-circuited load, (ZL=), = 1.

The wave is shifted by /4 from short-circuit case.

 Standing Waves
First voltage maximum occurs at:
r n Where r = phase
lmax wheren 0
4 2 angle of

If r 0 n=0;
If r 0 n=1

First voltage minimum occurs at:

lmax / 4 if lmax / 4
lmin
lmax / 4 if lmax / 4
 VSWR

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

(VSWR) is ratio between the
The VSWR is given by:
maximum voltage an the
minimum voltage along the 1 | |
VSWR
transmission line. 1 | |

VSWR provides a measure of

ZL Z
mismatch between the load Where,
and the transmission line. ZL Z 0
For a matched load with = 0, Where reflectioncoefficient
VSWR = 1 and for a line with Z L load impedance
|| - 1, VSWR = .
Z 0 characteristic impedance
 Example 3
A 50- transmission line is terminated in a load
with ZL = (100 + j50) . Find the voltage
reflection coefficient and the voltage standing-
wave ratio (VSWR).
 Solution to Example 3
We have,
Z Z 0 100 j50 50
L 0.45e j 26.6
Z L Z 0 100 j50 50

VSWR is given by:

1 1 0.45
VSWR 2.6
1 1 0.45
 Exercise 6:
A 140 lossless line is terminated in a
load impedance ZL= (280 +j182) , if =
72cm, find
a) Reflection coefficient,
b) The VSWR,
c) The locations of voltage maxima and
minima
 a) Reflection coefficient,

Z L Z0

Z L Z0

(280 j182) (140) 140 j182

(280 j182) (140) 420 j182

2 2 1 182
140 182 tan
140 230 52.4o

182 457 23.43o
420 2 182 2 tan 1
420 0.528.97 o
 b) The VSWR;
1 | |
VSWR
1 | |

0.528.97 o

1 | 0.528.97 |
VSWR
1 | 0.528.97 |

1 0.5
VSWR 3
1 0.5
 The locations of voltage maxima and
minima
r n
lmax wheren 0
4 2

(0.5)(72) n
lmax
4 2
n
2.9cm
2
 lmax / 4 if lmax / 4
lmin
72cm
lmax / 4 if lmax / 4 72cm / 4 18cm
lmax / 4

lmin lmax / 4
72
(2.9 n )
2 4

20.9 n
2
 Input impedance of a lossless
line
The input impedance, Zin is the ratio of the total
voltage (incident and reflected voltages) to the
total current at any point z on the line.
~
V ( z)
Z in ( z ) ~
I ( z)
1 e j 2 z
Z0 j 2 z
1 e
or
Z L cos l jZ0 sin l Z L jZ0 tan l
Z in l Z 0

Z 0
Z 0 cos l jZL sin l Z 0 jZL tan l
 Special cases of the lossless
line
For a line terminated in a short-circuit, ZL = 0:

Vsc l
~
sc
Zin ~ jZ0 tan l
I sc l

For a line terminated in an open circuit, ZL = :

Voc l
Z inoc ~ jZ0 cot l
I oc l
 Application of short-circuit and
open-circuit measurements
The measurements of short-circuit input
impedance, Z insc and open-circuit input
impedance, Z inoc can be used to measure the
characteristic impedance of the line:

Z o Z in
sc oc
Z in
and
Z insc
tan l
Z inoc
 Length of line
If the transmission line has length l n / 2 ,
where n is an integer,

tan l tan 2 / n / 2
tan n 0

Hence, the input impedance becomes:

Zin ZL for l n / 2
 Quarter wave transformer
If the transmission line is a quarter wavelength,
with l / 4 n / 2 , where n 0 or any positive integer ,
we have l 2 , then the input
4 2
impedance becomes:

2
Z0
Z in for l / 4 n / 2
ZL
 Example 4
A 50- lossless transmission line is to be matched
to a resistive load impedance with ZL=100 via a
quarter-wave section as shown, thereby eliminating
reflections along the feedline. Find the
characteristic impedance of the quarter-wave
transformer.
 Quarter wave transformer
If the transmission line is a quarter wavelength,
with l / 4 n / 2 , where n 0 or any positive integer ,
we have l 2 , then the input
4 2
impedance becomes:

2
Z0
Z in for l / 4 n / 2
ZL
 Solution to Example 4
Zin = 50; ZL=100
2
Z 02
Z in Z 02 (50)(100 )
2
ZL
Z 02 50 100 70.7

Since the lines are lossless, all the incident

power will end up getting transferred into the
load ZL.
 Matched transmission line
For a matched lossless transmission line, ZL=Z0:
1) The input impedance Zin=Z0 for all locations z
on the line,
2) =0, and
3) all the incident power is delivered to the load,
regardless of the length of the line, l.
 Ratio of the total When ZL=0(short circuit)
voltage to total sc jZ tan l
Zin
current on the line 0
Special case

When ZL=(open circuit)

Input oc jZ cot l
Zin 0
Impedance, Zin

l 0
l
Application 2 Z in Z L
Be used to measure the But, If the
characteristic impedance of transmission line is

the line :
l
sc
Z in l 2
Z o Zin
sc Z oc tan l
in
4
Zin Z0 2 Z L
oc
Z in
 Power flow on a lossless
transmission line
Two ways to determine the average power of an incident
wave and the reflected wave;
Time-domain approach
Phasor domain approach 2
V0
Average power for incident wave; Pav 2Z
i
(W)
0
2

2 V0
Average power for reflected wave: Pavr
2
Pavi
2Z 0

The net average power delivered to the load:

2
V0
i Pr
Pav Pav 1 2 (W)
2 Z 0
av
 Power flow on a lossless
transmission line

The time average power reflected by a load connected to

a lossless transmission line is equal to the incident
power multiplied by ||2
 Exercise 7
For a 50 lossless transmission line terminated in
a load impedance ZL = (100 + j50), determine the
percentage of the average power reflected over
average incident power by the load.

Z0=50; ZL = (100 + j50)

r i 2
Pav Pav (W)
r
Pav 2
(W)
i
Pav
 Reflection coefficient,

Z L Z0

Z L Z0

(100 j50) (50) 50 j 50

(100 j50) (50) 150 j50

2 2 1 50
50 50 tan 70.745 o
50
158 .118.4o
50
150 2 50 2 tan 1
150 0.4526.6o
2
0.2

the percentage of the average incident

power reflected by the load = 20%
 Exercise 8
For the line of exercise previously
(exercise 7), what is the average reflected
power if |V0+|=1V
2

2 V0 2
Pavr Pavi
2Z 0

2
r 2 1
Pav 0.45 2mW
2(50)
 Smith Chart
Smith chart is used to analyze & design
transmission line circuits.
Reflection coefficient, : e j r r ji
r = real part, i = imaginary part

Impedances on Smith chart are represented by

normalized value, zL : z Z L
L
Z0
the normalized load impedance, zL is
dimensionless.
 Smith Chart
Reflection coefficient, A :0.3 + j0.4

0.3 0.4
2 2 1/ 2
0.5

r tan 10.4 / 0.3 53

Reflection coefficient, B :-0.5 - j0.2

0.5 0.2
2 2
1/ 2
0.54
r
tan 1
0.5 / 0.2 202
In order to eliminate ve part, thus
r 360 202 158
 The complex plane.
A :0.3 + j0.4 B :-0.5 - j0.2
 Smith Chart
Reflection coefficient, : Z L / Z 0 1
Z L / Z0 1

ZL zL 1
Since zL , becomes: z 1
Z0 L

1
Re-arrange in terms of zL: z L rL jxL
1

rL = Normalized load resistance

xL = Normalized load admittance
The families of circle for rL and xL.
Plotting normalized impedance, zL = 2-j1

(2 j1) 1

(2 j1) 1

12 12

32 12
0.45

r tan11/ 2 26.6
 Input impedance
The input impedance, Zin:
1 e j 2 l
Z in Z 0
1 e j 2 l
is the voltage reflection coefficient at the load.
We shift the phase angle of by 2l, to get L.
This will zL to zin. The || is the same, but the
phase is changed by 2l.
On the Smith chart, this means rotating in a
clockwise direction (WTG).
 Input impedance
Since = 2/, shifting by 2 l is equal to phase
change of 2.
Equating: 2l 2 2 l 2

Hence, for one complete rotation corresponds to
l = /2.
The objective of shifting to L is to find Zin at
an any distance l on the transmission line.
 Example 5
A 50- transmission line is terminated with
ZL=(100-j50). Find Zin at a distance l =0.1
from the load.

Solution: Normalized the load impedance

Z L 100 j 50
zL
Z0 50
zL 2 j
Solution to Example 5

A2 j
l =0.1
zin = 0.6 j0.66

de normalize
(multiplying by Zo)
Zin = 30 j33
VSWR, Voltage Maxima and
Voltage Minima

zL=2+j1
VSWR = 2.6
(at Pmax).

lmax=(0.25-0.213)
=0.037.

lmin=(0.037+0.25)
=0.287
 VSWR, Voltage Maxima and
Voltage Minima
Point A is the normalized load impedance with
zL=2+j1.
VSWR = 2.6 (at Pmax).
The distance between the load and the first
voltage maximum is lmax=(0.25-0.213)=0.037.
The distance between the load and the first
voltage minimum is lmin=(0.037+0.25) =0.287.
Impedance to admittance
transformations

zL=0.6 + j1.4

yL=0.25 - j0.6
 Example 6
Given that the voltage standing-wave ratio, VSWR = 3.
On a 50- line, the first voltage minimum occurs at 5 cm
from the load, and that the distance between
successive minima is 20 cm, find the load
impedance.

Solution:
The distance between successive minima is equal to
/2.
the distance between successive minima is 20 cm,
Hence, = 40 cm 20 / 2
2(20)
Solution to Example 6
Point A =VSWR = 3
5
l min 0.125
40

z L 0.6 j 0.8

de normalize
(multiplying by Zo)
Zin = 30 j40
 Solution to Example 6
First voltage minimum (in wavelength unit) is at
5
l min 0.125 on the WTL scale from point B.
40

Intersect the line with constant SWR circle = 3.

The normalized load impedance at point C is:
z L 0.6 j 0.8
De-normalize (multiplying by Z0) to get ZL:
Z L 500.6 j 0.8 30 j 40
Exercise
 Solution: Normalized the load impedance
ZL
zL 0.6 j 0.4
Z0

a) reflection coefficient from smith Chart r 121

(0.6 j 0.4) 1

(0.6 j 0.4) 1
j j121

0.4 2 0.4 2 e 0.34e
1.6 2 0.4 2
0.34
 r 121 0.25 - 0.082
0.082 0.168

z L 0.6 j 0.4

lmin lmax
length :
Z in 0.301
0.72 - j0.62

0.301 0.082
0.383
3) Move a distance 0.301 towards the generator (WTG)
(refer to Smith chart)
0.301 + 0.082=0.383

At 0.383, read the value of which at the point intersects

with constant circle, we have = zin = 0.72- j0.62.

Denormalized it, hence = Zin = 72- j62

4) Distance from load to the first voltage maximum, (refer

to Smith chart)
0.25-0.082=0.168
 Impedance Matching
Transmission line is matched to the load when
Z0 = ZL.
This is usually not possible since ZL is used to
serve other application.
Alternatively, we can place an impedance-
matching network between load and
transmission line.
 Single- stub matching
Matching network consists of two sections of
transmission lines.
First section of length d, while the second
section of length l in parallel with the first
section, hence it is called stub.
The second section is terminated with either
short-circuit or open circuit.
 Single- stub matching

YL=1/ZL
stub

l
feed line

Yd = Y0+jB
 Single- stub matching
The length l of the stub is chosen so that its
input admittance, YS at MM is equal to jB.
Hence, the parallel sum of the two admittances
at MM yields Y0, which is the characteristic
admittance of the line.

Yd = Y0+jB
 Single- stub matching
Thus, the main idea of shunt stub matching network is
to:

(i) Find length d and l in order to get yd and yl .

(ii) Ensure total admittance yin = yd + ys = 1 for complete

matching network.
 Example 7
50- transmission line is connected to an
antenna with load impedance ZL = (25 j50).
Find the position and length of the short-
circuited stub required to match the line.

Solution:
The normalized load impedance is:
Z L 25 j50
zL 0.5 j (located at A).
Z0 50
Solution to Example 7
B yL
0.4 j0.8
y L load admittance

A 0.5 j
 Solution to Example 7
Value of yL at B is yL 0.4 j 0.8 which locates
at position 0.115 on the WTG scale.

Draw constant SWR circle that goes through

points A and B.

There are two possible matching points, C

and D where the constant SWR circle intersects
with circle rL=1 (now gL =1 circle).
B 0.115

B
C = 1+j1.58

D = 1+j1.58
A
 Solution to Example 7
First matching points, C.
At C, yd 1 j1.58 is at 0.178 on WTG scale.
Distance B and C is d 0.178 0.155 0.063
Normalized input admittance yin ys yd
at the juncture is: 1 j 0 ys 1 j1.58
ys j1.58
E is the admittance of short-circuit stub, yL=-j.
Normalized admittance of j 1.58 at F and
position 0.34 on the WTG scale gives:
l1 0.34 0.25 0.09
B 0.115
d1 = 0.063
d 0.178 0.115 0.063

B
C = 1+j1.58

l1 = 0.090
l 0.34 0.25 0.09
A

F = -j1.58 yin ys yd
F
1 j 0 ys 1 j1.58
ys j1.58
 First matching points, C
Thus, the values are:
d1 = 0.063
l1 = 0.09
yd1 = 1 + j1.58
ys1 = -j1.58

Where Yin = yd + ys = (1 + j1.58) + (-j1.58) = 1

 Solution to Example 7
Second matching point, D.
At point D, yd 1 j1.58
Distance B and D is d2 0.322 0.115 0.207
Normalized input admittance ys j1.58 at G.
Rotating from point E to point G, we get
l2 0.25 0.16 0.41
 d 0.322 0.115
l 0.25 0.16
0.207
0.41

B
G G = +j1.58

d2 = 0.207
E
l2
= 0.41

D = 1-j1.58
A
 First matching points, D
Thus, the values are:
d2 = 0.207
l2 = 0.41
yd2 = 1 - j1.58
ys2 = +j1.58

Where Yin = yd + ys = (1 - j1.58) + (+j1.58) = 1

 d1=0.063
d2=0.207

l1=0.09,
l2=0.41