Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mosquitoes
Mosquitoes
Ancient Rome
Scotland
Middle ages and Henry II
Ancient India and
Mesopotamia
Ancient China
Egypt
Alexander the Great 323 B.C.
Genghis Khan and Western
Europe
Alexander The
Great
General, King,
Ruler
Malaria?
WNV?
Typhoid?
European Exploration
Worldwide distribution
> 3450 species and subspecies (38 genera)
Great habitat diversity
Approximately 40 million years older than humans
(fossils from Eocene, 38-54 mya)
Mosquito
Gnat
Mosquito Characteristics
Patterns on the
external egg
surface are
species specific
Egg stage comparison
CULEX Egg Raft
(2) Embryonation 2 options
OR
Diapause required
Triggered by decreasing day length.
Anopheles
(4) Pupa Lighter than water
Non-feeding
Respiration
Pupal Stage Comparison
Anopheline Culicine
Mosquito Pupa and Larvae
Anopheles Pupa and Larvae
Mosquito Emerging
from Pupal Exuvia
(5) Adults
Emergence Adult Stage Comparison
Mating
Feeding
Anopheline Culicine
females
Comparison of
male and
female
Anophelines
Culicine
vs. Culicines
Anopheline
males
Behavior
Activity
Host Specificity
Zoophilous
Anthropophilous
Ornithophilous
HABITAT
Medical Importance
Biting Nuisance (annoyance)
Arboviruses
Numerous (Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever,
WNV, JE, SLE, EEE, WEE, VEE).
Filariasis
Bancroftian and Brugian filariasis.
Malaria
4 plasmodium species
Malaria History
Ronald Ross (1897)
Malaria Eradication?
Between 350 and 500 million clinical
episodes of malaria occur every year.
Host
Reservoir
Distribution
Anopheles
gambiae
WHO/TDR/HOLT Studios,
1992
Global Distribution
Distribution
Distribution Model
Distribution
Endemic /
Epidemic Risk
Areas
Distribution
Duration of Malaria
Transmission Season.
Distribution
Start / End of Transmission Season
Distribution
Population
Distribution
Filariasis History
(2) Subperiodic
Infection
VECTORS
Pathogen:
Host:
Reservoir
Transovarial
Transmission
Central and South America
Yellow Fever Transmission
Cycle
Vectors:
Haemagogus spp. (jungle)
Transovarial
Transmission
Distribution
Diagnosis and Symptoms
Most infections are mild, but the disease can cause
severe, life-threatening illness.
Pathogen:
Host:
Reservoir:
VECTORS
Aedes aegypti (Yellow fever Mosquito)
Aedes albopictus (Asian Tiger Mosquito)
Aedes scutellaris
Aedes polynesiensis
Transmission Cycle
Blood meal from
viremic human.
Midgut replication
Salivary glands, pass
on during feeding.
Transovarial
transmission
SE Asia monkey
cycle
Replication and Transmission
of Dengue Virus (Part 1)
1. Virus transmitted to human
in mosquito saliva 1
2. Virus replicates
in target organs 2
4
3. Virus infects white 3
blood cells and
lymphatic tissues
4. Virus released and
circulates in blood
Replication and Transmission
of Dengue Virus (Part 2)
5. Second mosquito 6
ingests virus with blood
6. Virus replicates
in mosquito midgut 7
and other organs,
infects salivary
glands
5
7. Virus replicates
in salivary
glands
Distribution
Recent Dengue in the U.S.A.
(Texas)
Dengue epidemics occurred in the USA in the
1800s and the first half of the 1900s.
Recent indigenous transmission
1980: 23 cases, first locally acquired since 1945
1986: 9 cases
1995: 7 cases
1997: 3 cases
1998: 1 case
1999: 18 cases
Lack of recent transmission likely due to changes in
life-style
Reasons for Dengue
Expansion in the Americas
Extensive vector infestation, with declining vector
control
Reservoir:
Pathogen:
Transmission
Mainly bird/mosquito
cycle.
Habitat:
Bridge VECTORS
East and Gulf Coast
Ae. taeniorhynchus,
Ae. sollicitans
Florida
Culex nigripalpis
Inland
Ae. vexans,
Coquillattidia perturbans
Signs and Symptoms
Most people infected with EEE do not become ill
and others may have only a mild influenza-like illness
with fever, headache and sore throat. In rare cases,
infection of the central nervous system can occur,
causing sudden fever, muscle pains and a headache
of increasing severity often followed by seizures and
coma.
About 50% of these human cases are fatal, with young
children and the elderly most at risk.
Symptoms in humans usually occur from 4 to 10 days
after the bite of an infected mosquito.
St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE)
Distribution: West of Mississippi River, Florids, Ohio
River Valley, NJ and NY. Everywhere in the U.S.
except New England area.
Reservoir:
Pathogen:
Distribution
Transmission
Bird/mosquito cycle
Humans and
mammals are dead
end hosts.
Transovarial
transmission in lab,
but probably not in
nature.
VECTORS
Culex pipiens pipiens (Northern House)
Culex nigripalpus
Culex tarsalis
Signs and Symptoms
Mild infections occur without apparent symptoms other
than fever with headache. More severe infection is
marked by headache, high fever, neck stiffness,
stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, occasional
convulsions (especially in infants) and spastic (but
rarely flaccid) paralysis.
Reservoir:
Pathogen:
Transmission
See handout
Treatment is supportive.
LaCrosse Encephalitis (LE)
Distribution: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin,
Tennessee. Some in Western U.S, but not common.
Reservoir:
Pathogen:
Transmission
See handout!
Ochlerotatus hendersoni
Treatment is supportive.
West Nile Virus (WNV)
Distribution: throughout the United States
Disease: 1999 first case in the U.S., NY.
Reservoir:
Pathogen:
Bird/mosquito
cycle.
Virus cycles in
the birds blood
for a few days.
VECTORS
Culex pipiens (East)
Adult Control
Residual house-spraying
Insecticide-impregnated
bed-nets
Eradication
Malaria Control
RESEARCH
$40 million into research!
DNA, other molecular techniques
Release Programs
Drugs, vaccines
Control
Ecology, Biology, Behavior
Education