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organic matter is
25% further comprise of
(Organisms 10%,
Roots 10%, Humus
48% 80%)
Water
25%
Air
5%
Soil is formed by mineral particles, organic
matter(living and dead biomass), water, air and living
organisms.
It is mainly divided into Solid particles(50%) and pore
spaces (50%).
Solid particles are further divided into 45%minerals
and 5% organic matter.
Pore spaces are further divided into 25% Air and 25%
Water.
It is made up of two components:
Minerals (Inorganic), such as salts, Iron, Manganese,
Quartz, mica, silicon,
Organic, such as soil fauna (animals), flora, plant
roots, plant residues, organic matter.
This phase contains most of the nutrients essential for
plant growth, such as C, N & S etc.
This phase provides physical support for the plants
and nutrients to plants and microorganisms.
In this phase, nutrients are mixed with water, also
called as soil solution.
Clayey soils:
It have high water & nutrient holding capacity, so they
have high plants & microorganisms.
Silty soils:
It have medium water & nutrient holding capacity, so
they have medium plants & microorganisms.
Soil is divided into four major layers:
Surface soil
Sub-surface soil
Vadose Zone
Saturated Zone
It is also called Top soil or plough layer. It is upper layer of
soil. Its Depth is 0-20 cm.
material