Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Course Sociolinguistics Lane 422
Course Sociolinguistics Lane 422
(ng)
[] [n]
Variation Studies
Fischers 1958 study of the use of (ng) in New
England.
12 boys, 12 girls aged 3-10.
Interview
Concusions:
Boys used more [in] than girls.
The use of [in] increases with the formality of
situations. The use of [in] increased when relaxed.
[in] is used more with verbs that describe everyday
activities ,e.g hit ; [ing] is used with formal verbs,
e.g criticize.
2. Labov (1966) study of (r) in New
York:
To investigate the incidence of final and post-vocalic
/r/
While most American accents are rhotic, New York (and Boston)
have distinctive non-rhotic accent
Post-Depression, such urban accents lost prestige, and
rhotic midwest accent emerged as standard
Labov showed that rhotic use of /r/ reflected social
class and aspiration, and was more widespread in
younger speakers
Labov (1966) study of (r) in New
York:
Method:
He needed to quickly elicit possible /r/ pronunciations in both
spontaneous and careful speech
Walked around 3 NYC department stores, asking the location of
departments he knew were on the fourth floor
By pretending not to hear, he got each informant to pronounce the
two words twice, once spontaneously, and once carefully
3 stores catering for distinct social groups:
Saks (upper), Macys (middle), S. Klein (lower)
Informants were shop workers at different grades, giving a
further possible stratification
Results
Use of [r]
100
80
60 never
%
sometimes
40
always
20
0
Saks Macy's S Klein
store
100
90
80
70 fourth I
60 fourth 2
%
50
40 floor I
30 floor 2
20
10
0
Saks Macy's S Klein
store
higher usage by 60 1
2,3
%
50
higher classes 40
4,5
6,8
EXCEPT in one case 30 9
20
10
0
casual careful reading word list minimal
pairs
style
middle class [r] pronunciation by class and style
outperform upper
middle class on word 100
lists and minimal pairs 90
this cross-over due to 80
hypercorrection
70
(according to Labov)
not sure whether 60
6,8
results are statistically
%
50
9
significant 40
30
20
10
0
casual careful reading word list minimal
pairs
style
Multilingulaism
Multilingualism: the use of more than two languages, e.g.
Nigeria, India, and Philippines have hundreds of languages.
Canada, USA.
How multilingual nations develop? migration, imperialism,
federation
Diglossia: A situation in which two forms of the same
language co-exist in a complementary relationship in a society.
High variety, low variety. Both forms are grammatically
distinct, dont overlap. Classical Arabic
Each variety has its domains, e.g Arabic vernaculars
(dialects)
The term is extended to refer to any two languages, even
related ones, that has this kind of social and functional
distribution.
Triglossia ,Tunisia
Polyglossia: several H and L languages co-exist in a complex
multilingual society, e.g. Singapore L,H, M varieties,e.g.
Mandarin, Tamil and Malay are official languages.
Which languages will be officially or nationally
recognized in a multilingual society?
Vitality: demographic, social and institutional
strength of a language and its speakers.
Language planning, language policies, in
multilingual communities.
Deliberate, Official government policies in
relation to language
Singapore (Hokkeien)
Code switching\mixing
The alternation between two varieties across
sentences or clause boundaries.
It implies some degree of competence in the two
varieties even if bilingual fluency is not yet stable.
What determines code switching?
Domain-based or situational code switching.
Domain (social and physical setting), addressee
(interlocutor),
Constraints : switching takes place between
languages with similar structure?
Spanish/Englishbetween determiners and nouns,
Subjects and verbs, but not nouns and adjectives.
Code mixing: alternations within a clause or
phrase, e.g. Spanglish, Franglais, arabizi?
Code Switching Between English and Arabic : An Empirical study on Saudi Female
Students
Sociolinguistics project
120
100
80
working-class women
working-class men 60
middle-class women
40
middle-class men
20
regional variation
Standard English:
He a man who likes his dog
He a man who likes his dog
Regional non-standard variation is greater than social
variation.
He a man who likes his dog
He a man who likes his dog
He a man at likes his dog
He a man as likes his dog
He a man what likes his dog
He a man he likes his dog
He a man likes his dog
Social and regional accent variation
Table 3
Home 27 variants, three accent forms, in 7 cities
London
RP houm
Inermediate hum
um
Most locaized aum
Sociolinguistic studies showed how RP, and
the intermediate and the most localized
accents are related to social class.
To measure linguistic and social phenomena.
Assign individuals a numerical index score on
the basis of income, education, other factors,
then group them with others who have similar
indexes.
In east Anglia and in AA Detroit the 3rd p.suffix s is
not present in the speech of some people:
She like him very much
He dont know a lot, do he?
It go ever so fast
Since s is standard, and since standard English is
associated with higher classe, we may suspect that
there is a correlation between the usage of s and
social class
Tape record, listen, transcribe, count , Table 4.
Norwich (%) Detroit (%)
MMC 0 UMC 1
LMC 2 LMC 10
UWC 70 UWC 57
MWC 87 -
LWC 97 LWC 71
Correlational sociolinguistics
Like regional dialects, social-class dialects are
not distinct entities, they merge into each other
Popular stereotypes of social dialects are
misleading. The Detroit African American
dialect has no third person marker. Detroit
African Americans of all classes use both
forms, it is only proportions that differ.
Language and ethnicity
Ethnic-group differentiation in a mixed
community is a particular type of social
differentiation and has linguistic
differentiation associated with it.