DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A

COMPACT CNC DRILLING MACHINE

WITH SWIVELING OF BED
 Abstract
 A computer numerical control is a microprocessor based system to store and
process the data for the control of slide motions and auxiliary functions of
machine tools. Which enables the operation of various machine members such as
spindles, slides etc. as per the sequence programed in to it.
 The project aims to develop a computer numeric control drilling machining along
with an additional axis of rotation. The concept of swiveling of bed involves
rotation of the work piece at a specific angle along one axis for the purposes of
making inclined holes in work piece. And in this project the rotation is limiting to
+/-30 degrees. The said machine is designed compactly so that it can be used as
portable, and can also be used in small scale industry. The main objective of this
project is to design and fabricate a compact CNC controlled drilling machine
with swelling of bed. It is capable of drilling holes in balsa wood, Styrofoam and
clay.
 Introduction
 Machining is a part of manufacturing many products. There are different types of machine tools used for
machining such as drilling machine, Lathe machine, milling machine.
 In manual machining complex parts consumes more time even if skilled machinist is working on it. In
comparison CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machine can manufacture complex shapes without the
requirement of skilled machinist. Most operations are completely automatic and not required much supervision.
 Numerical control is a method employed for controlling the motions of machine tool slide. And its auxiliary
functions with input in the form of numerical data. A computer numerical control is a microprocessor based
system to store and process the data for the control of slide motions and auxiliary functions of machine tools.
The CNC system is the heart and brain of the CNC machine. Which enables the operation of various machine
members such as spindles, slides etc. As per the sequence programed in to it.
 The swiveling of working bed is basically the rotational movement of bed at a specific angle along one axis.
This is done for the purpose of making inclined holes in to the workpiece. The holes which are need to be
inclined in the work piece cannot done easily by the usual CNC machines so that this method is used.
 The compact CNC drilling machine with swiveling of bed developed through this project is very economical
and practical in use for small scale drilling operations. Due to the swiveling of working bed inclined holes can
also be made. The machine so developed is relatively compact and portable. A significant attention is paid to
optimization of the design to make the machine as convenient as possible.
 Literature review
 Deepak Devasagayam [1] talks about the design and fabrication of an automatic vertical
wooden drilling machine. The design process involves the use of gantry type configuration
.The system consists of two main parts: a mechanical setup that can move in X, Y and Z
directions, and a software program that controls overall operation of the whole system. The
system successfully performs both of the above tasks. Operator would put coordinates of
proposed holes in the given graphical window on computer. The drilling machine will travel
to the respective co-ordinates with lead screw mechanism which is driven by stepper motor,
being controlled by Arduino Mega microcontroller. This paper also gives insights about
development of a user-friendly control system for operation of machine.

 N. Balasubramanya and Prof. Smt. G. Prasanthi [3] aims building a relatively low cost, high
precision CNC machine. Also the benefits of CNC systems are seen with this project, which is
the main process of rapid prototyping. It was proved that having such a tool saves both time
and money. In the future more process level outputs, constraints, cost estimation, and a
CNC program editor with syntax check will be added into the current one and finally the
results will be benchmarked with industrial tests. A set of the recommended values of speed,
feed, and depth of cut for certain tools and materials are added., Easy to learn, easy to use,
easy to modify system are present.
 Research Gap
Present day manufacturing technology is moving towards automation and CNC control forms the
basis of industrial automation. Although the use of CNC systems has remarkable advantages as
compared to the conventional systems there are a few drawbacks of its own. We have identified a
few areas where work need to be done to improve and make the whole process more convenient.
The majority of CNC drilling machines currently available are too bulky and consumes a lot of
space, which needs significant attention as it could save money on reality investment. Also the
maintenance of the machines becomes much easier with compact design modifications as
considered in our project.
Conventional drilling allows drilling to be done along axis perpendicular to the bed of the
machine, our machine incorporates rotational movement along the axis of the bed, which facilitates
the drilling of inclined holes.
Our currently proposed work material is balsawood which is the most commonly used material
among hobbyist and RC aeromodellers due to virtue of its lightweight and easy workability. Use of
conventional hand drilling machine for this application doesn’t ensure desired accuracy always. The
current CNC drilling machine helps overcome these issues and ensure high precision drilling and
also reduces the idle time as compared to conventional drilling.
 Kajal J.Madekar [2] has developed a low cost automatic mini CNC machine for PCB
drawing and drilling. The idea behind this project is to make a small CNC machine
which can draw images or pictures on surface which can be a paper or anything. It uses
three stepper motors as linear actuators on each axis X, Y & Z. While printing / drawing,
the proper synchronization of all this three axis .The proposed system reduces the cost of
machine and increases the flexibility. This system can used in wide variety of applications
involving large circuit drawing and drilling a wide variety of intricate holes for the
attachment of components. This uses a FTDI module and ATMega 328 Controller to
control the machine

 Dr. B.Jayachandraih [5] has proposed the idea of developing a low cost CNC router
capable of 3 axis simultaneous interpolated operation. It featured microcontroller
based CNC system in an Arduino based embedded system. . The implementation of fully
automatic CNC router is one effective way to deal with the current challenges.
Although CNC routers require relatively higher capital investment, they can increase the
accuracy, productivity, flexibility and simplicity of the production significantly. In reality,
these factors are all keys to success for the cabinetry companies. The proposed device
also includes an offline G-code parse system on the microcontroller from a Universal
Serial Bus (USB) , which enables seamless streaming of the G codes to the system thereby
enhancing the responsiveness of the system
 Objectives

The objectives of this paper are:-

 Optimization of the drilling machine to ensure the machine occupied area of 400 mm2.
 Reduction in the cost and making it relatively compact and affordable.
 Ensuring a drilling diameter of at least 3 mm.
 To obtain high drilling accuracy for straight as well as inclined holes.
 To automate the process of drilling by introducing CNC programming interface into the
process.
 Optimizing it to work on 220V 5amps power supply.
 Optimization the bed to ensure the swiveling mechanism.
 Methodology:

Fabrication
Routing & Software
Design & assembly Testing
connections installation
fixtures
Design Calculations:

A. X axis lead screw B. Y axis lead screw

The movement required is = 400mm The movement required is = 400mm
For safer side selecting length of
For safer side selecting length of screw as = 450mm
screw as = 450mm
Size = M8 × 1
Size = M8 × 1 Pitch, p = 1mm
Pitch, p = 1mm Major diameter, do = 8mm
Major diameter, do = 8mm Mean diameter, d = do-
p/2
Mean diameter, d = do-
= 8 – 1/2
p/2
= 7.5 mm
= 8 – 1/2
= 7.5 mm
Mass on lead screw in Y-direction, my = 8 kg On the basis of tangential force torque
required for screw rotation is,
External force, Fey = my x g = 8 x 9.81
Ty = Fy ×d/2 + m ×Fty×R
=78.48 N
= 23.43 x 8/2 + 0.2 x 94.17 x (8/2)
Frictional force, Ffy (selecting m=0.2)
= 169.05 N-mm.
= m x my x 9.81
Taking factor of safety = 2
= 0.2 x 8 x 9.81
Ty = 338.1 N-mm.
= 15.69 N
= 3.381 kgf-cm.
Total force , Fty = Fey + Ffy
Speed of lead screw, Ny= 30 rpm.
= 78.48 + 15.69
2𝑁
=94.17 N Angular speed, y = 60
Tangential force required at the = 3.14 rad/sec.
circumference of screw is, Power, Py= Ty x y
Fy = Fty × tan (a+f) = 3.381 x 3.14
= 94.17 × tan (2.28+11.69) = 10.58 W.
= 23.43 N
 Design Approach
 2D Drafts
3-D Modelling
Fabricated model:
 RESULT
PRECISION ALONG X, Y AND Z AXIS
The fabricated CNC drilling machine is tested for its accuracy along the X, Y and Z axis. For the test a program to drill holes of
the center and four corners of a square of 50 mm by 50 mm was fed in to the machine and the test was repeated for 4 trails and
the dimensions of the holes was measured using a Vernier calipers and tabulated to calculate the accuracy-repeatability. The
readings are as tabulated below:

Measurement of deviation in mm
AXIS

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial4

X AXIS 0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1

Y AXIS -0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.0

Z AXIS 0.2 0.0 -0.1 0.1

 Drilling balsa wood of thickness 3mm
The balsa wood of 3mm thickness is taken as work piece and clamped to the bed of drilling machine and
programed to drill holes on the center and all corners of a square of 50 mm side. And the drill bit diameter is 4
mm.

Fig 9.2.1 : work piece before drilling fig 9.2.2 : work piece after drilling
Drilling balsa wood of thickness 5mm
The balsa wood of thickness 5mm is drilled by using drill bit of diameter 4.5mm. A plus shape is made by
drilling 9 holes in a cross line.

Fig 9.3.1 : Balsa wood before drilling Fig 9.3.2 : Balsa wood After drilling
Drilling balsa wood of thickness 30mm
The balsa wood of thickness 30mm is drilled by using drill bit of diameter 5mm.
A zig-zag shape is made by drilling 10 holes in a cross line.

Fig 9.4.1 : Balsa wood before drilling Fig 9.4.2 : Balsa wood After drilling
Drilling Styrofoam of thickness 10mm
The Styrofoam of thickness 10mm is drilled by 4mm drill bit. A triangular shape is made by drilling 3
holes of different depth.

Fig 9.6.1 : Styrofoam After drilling

Drilling Styrofoam of thickness 20mm
The Styrofoam of thickness 20mm is drilled by 4.5mm drill bit. A circular shape is made by drilling 10 holes
of different depth.

Fig 9.5.1 : Styrofoam After drilling

Drilling inclined hole in balsa wood of thickness 30mm
The balsa wood is fixed to the bed and the bed is inclined at an angle of 20 degree and by using
4mm diameter drill bit inclined holes are made.

Fig 9.7.1 : Inclined position of bed Fig 9.7.2 : Inclined Hole drilled in Balsa wood
 APPLICATIONS

Given the range of materials that can be drilled in this CNC drilling machine, it has the
following applications: -

 Can be used in wood industries for drilling purposes.

 Can be used to perform different operations like milling, boring, counter boring,
countersinking and chamfering using suitable tools.
 It can be used to drill straight as well as inclined holes of different diameters.
 It can be used by the AVIONS group to drill inclined holes for the different parts.
 It can be used to drill holes in patterns.
 FUTURE SCOPE
CNC drilling is a field developing at a rapid rate. The rapid development and research coupled
with the help of the open source community aids in the betterment of the drilling processes in
general as well as eradicates the problems faced by the users. The gap between what is offered
by the open source community and what is provided by high end manufacturers is significantly
reducing by the day.

The current trend in CNC drilling indicates that in the near future the CNC drilling equipment will
get more compact.
Some of the future scope for this project includes: -
 Upgrading the drill head to be able to drill through thicker and a wider variety of work
materials.
 Developing a better swiveling mechanism for bed to hold greater work force while drilling
inclined holes.
 Addition of a Bluetooth module to enable it to control through smartphones.
 Developing an integrated software to generate and stream G-codes
 CONCLUSION
With the increasing demand for small scale high precision parts in various industries, the market
for small scale precision parts has grown substantially. The use of low cost and portable CNC
drilling machine can help bridge the gap between high end CNC drilling machine manufacturers
and hobbyist. In this project, a small scale 4-axis CNC drilling machine is designed and fabricated
under a very limited budget.
During the structure design stage, various materials and common frame structures were explored
and a design using wood was created to help make the frame light weight, sturdy and easily
dismantle-able.

 The machine occupied area of 400 mm2.

 Can drill through balsa wood and Styrofoam.
 It has an accuracy of 0.5 mm along X, Y, Z and J axis.
 The machine is capable of drilling straight as well as inclined holes.
 The quality of the holes drilled can be changed by the feed rate and number of passes.
 REFERENCES
[1] Deepak Devasagayam;Anthony Ignatius, Jason Kalathingal, Joy Kakde,Abhishek Wighe
“Design and Fabrication of Automatic Wood Drilling Machine” International Journal of
Engineering Technology Science and Research, ISSN 2394 – 3386 Volume 4, Issue 4 April 2017
[2] Kajal J.Madekar1, Kranti R. Nanaware, Pooja R. Phadtare, Vikas S. Mane
“ Automatic mini CNC machine for PCB drawing and drilling”; International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), e-ISSN: 2395 -0056, p-ISSN: 2395-0072
[3] N. Balasubramanyam_and Prof. Smt. G. Prasanthi; “Design and Fabrication of
an Automatic PC-Based Drilling Machine”; HCTL Open Int. J. of Technology Innovations and
Research, e-ISSN: 2321-1814 ;ISBN (Print): 978-1-62951-250-1
[4] Nur Suraini Binti Hashim; “Design of mini CNC machine”, University of Malaysia Pahang, June
2012.
[5] Dr. B.Jayachandraih, O.Vamshi Krishna .P, Abdulla Khan , Ananda Reddy “ Fabrication of low
cost 3 axis CNC router”, International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention , June 2014.
[6] www.grbl.org
[7] www.arduino.cc
[8] www.intuwiz.com