Solid Particles in a solid

The particles in a solid are packed tightly in a fixed

pattern. There are strong forces holding them together.
So they cannot leave their positions. The only
movements the make are tiny vibrations to and fro
 Liquid Particles in a liquid

The particles in a liquid can move about and slide past

each other. They are still close together, but are not in a
fixed pattern. The forces that hold them together are
weaker than in a solid.
 Gas Particles in gases

The particles in a gas are far apart and they move

about very quickly. There are almost no forces holding
them together. They collide with each other bounce
off in all directions
 Gas:

 Adopts both the volume and the form

of the container that contains it
 Is compressible
 Flows with facility
 The diffusion inside the gas happens
with rapidity
 Liquids:

 Adopts the form of the part of the

container that occupies does not
expand to fill the container
 Is practically incompressible
 Flows with facility
 The diffusion inside the liquid
happens with slowness
 Solids:

 Supports his own form and volume

 Is practically incompressible
 Does not flow
 The diffusion inside the solid one
happens with extreme slowness
 Melting

When a solid is heated, its particles get more energy and vibrate
more. This makes the solid expand. The melting point is the
temperature that must reach a solid substance to fuse. Before
this, the particles are arranged and move ranging about his
positions, the particles gain energy and move more fast, but his
positions preserve.
HOW MUCH HEAT IS NEEDED?

The amount of heat needed to melt anyone substance is different

for the others substance. That’s because the particles in each
substance are different, with different forces between them. For
the stronger forces, the heat energy needed to overcome them is
more. For example, the melting point of the pure water is 0 °C to
the atmospheric normal pressure.
Boiling
It is realized when the temperature of the totality of the liquid is
equal to the boiling-point of the liquid to this pressure. If it is
continued warming the liquid, this one absorbs the heat, but
without increasing the temperature: the heat uses in the
conversion of the matter in liquid state to the gaseous state,
until the totality of the mass goes on to the gaseous state. In this
moment it is possible to increase the temperature of the matter,
already as gas.
 Evaporating

We call evaporation when the liquid state changes slowly to

gaseous state, after having acquired sufficient energy to conquer
the superficial tension. Unlike the boiling, the evaporation takes
place to any temperature, being more rapid higher this.

Condensing and solidifying

The condensation is the change of the matter that one finds in

gaseous form (generally steams) and goes on to liquid form.
When steam is cooled, the particles lose energy. They move
more and more slowly. When they bump into each other, they
do not have enough energy to bounce away again. They stay
close together, and a liquid forms.
Sublimation

The sublimation or volatilization is the process that consists of

the change of solid state to the gaseous state without
happening for the liquid state. The inverse process is named
deposition or regressive sublimation; it is to say, the direct
step of the gaseous state to the solid state.
EXPERIMENTS
 Experiment N° 01

How to make a liquid becomes solid?

Cornstarch Experiment
Materials

1. cornmeal
2. spoon
3. container
4. water bottle

Development

 Medley the water with cornmeal in the bowl

 Dissolve with spoon until dough is made
 Release a lock on the mass, strong and slow
 Hit the dough with your hands, then tried to sink slowly.

Conclusions

 A liquid can move to solid state or vice versa.

 Solids have impact resistance.
 The strong intermolecular forces are greater than in the liquid
Experiment N° 02

A- Experiment water sailing and climbing

Materials

1. A container
2. A Candle
3. Water
4. A glass beaker

Development

 The cube has to be in a glass of water

 Thread together with ice
 Add salt on the hub and thread
 We take the thread and seeing that we pull up the bucket straight sticks

Conclusions

 The freezing process in solids depends on its temperature

 The solids heat exchange
 The salt is frozen because it receives a low temperature of the ice, first creating a
layer of water and then frozen at low temperatures
B. Experiment ice cube with salt
Materials

1. Ice cube
2. Wool yarn
3. Salt
4. Glass cup

Development

 The cube has to be in a glass of water

 Thread together with ice
 Add salt on the hub and thread
 We take the thread and seeing that we pull up the bucket straight sticks

Conclusions

 The freezing process in solids depends on its temperature

 The solids heat exchange
 The salt is frozen because it receives a low temperature of the ice, first creating a layer of water
and then frozen at low temperatures
Experiment N° 03

The water suspension

Materials

1. a glass jar
2. a water bottle
3. cloth mosquetera
4. a container
5. adhesive tape

Development

 With fabric-covered mosquetera mouth glass jar and set with adhesive tape.
 Add water-half of the flask and cover with the board
 We turn the bottle gently and remove the cardboard where we observed that the water does
not fall while in balance.

Conclusions

Water does not fall due to the sum of atmospheric pressure and surface tension of the molecules
to support the weight of the water. If we turn the boat we apply more tension on one side and
the imbalance of forces produce water drops breaking the surface tension.
 Experiment N° 04
Differences of a body liquid, solid and gas
Materials

1. a solid body
2. a glass with water
3. flask
4. syringe

Procedure

 Pressed the solid and try to break it trying to compress and stretch.
 We move the water in the container to a flask. Then with a syringe absorb and try to compress
it.
 With a syringe full of air compress treatment.

Conclusions

 The shape of the solids is maintained and it is difficult to modify, also retain their size.
 The liquid because they have no defined shape adapted to the shape of the container, cannot
compress.
 Gases are adapted to the container and do not retain their shape and size.
 Experiment N° 05

The volume solids, liquids and gases

Materials

1. A block of ice rectangular

2. A container
3. A specimen
4. A lighter
5. A rule

Procedure

 Measure the volume of solid

 Ice-heat the liquid to be
 Add the liquid to the graduated cylinder and measure the volume
 Comparing the two measured volumes

Conclusion

The volume in the solids is greater than in the liquid, because the intermolecular distance in the
liquid is greater than in the solids.