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Ammonia Metabolism Urea Cycle
Ammonia Metabolism Urea Cycle
UREA CYCLE
Compiled by:-
PRATEEK CHOPRA
BT/BIO/05/310022
AMITY INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
NOIDA
OBJECTIVES
Essential Nonessential
Argininea Methionineb Alanine Glutamine
Histidine Phenylalaninec Aspartate Glycine
Isoleucine Threonine Asparagine Proline
Leucine Tryptophan Cysteine Serine
Lysine Valine Glutamate Tyrosine
a
Arg is synthesized in the urea cycle, but the rate is too slow to meet
the needs of growth in children
b
Met is required to produce cysteine if the latter is not supplied
adequately by the diet.
c
Phe is needed in larger amounts to form tyr if the latter is not
supplied by the diet.
BODY PROTEIN
BODY PROTEIN
HOOC-CH-R HOOC-C-CH2CH2COOH
-Amino acid -Ketoglutarate
O NH2
HOOC-C-R HOOC-CH-CH2CH2COOH
HOOC-CH-CH2COOH HOOC-C-CH2COOH
+
+ -ketoglutarate
glutamate
Alanine aminotransferase
(glutamate-pyruvate transaminase)
HOOC-CH-CH3 HOOC-C-CH3
+
+ -ketoglutarate
glutamate
Figure 3. The reactions catalyzed by aspartate aminotransferase
and alanine aminotransferase.
Glutamate
dehydrogenase
NADH NAD+
Glutamate
-Ketoglutarate
+ NH4+ NH3 + ATP
Glutamine
synthetase
ADP + Pi
Glutamine
-Keto acid
Glutamate NAD+ + H2O
Citrulline
Ornithine
transcarbamoylase
Citrulline Pi
Aspartate
-
ATP
OOC-CH-NH3+
- CYTOPLASM MITOCHONDRIA
CH2COO-
Tetrahydrobiopterin Dihydrobiopterin
Phenyllactate
Phenylacetate
NADP+ NADPH