FORMATION OF

ELEMENTS HEAVIER
THAN IRON
 John
Danica Mae Yamato
Vincent
Morga Nakazawa
Morales

MEMBERS: Roshane
Navarro
Nicholai
Nonan
Michelle
Ocanada

Angelie
Pauline John Carlo
Grace
Padrinas Panuelos
Pahila
How do elements
heavier than Iron
Formed?
 • HELIUM NUCLEI IN TURN FUSE INTO NUCLEI OF HEAVIER
ELEMENTS LIKE CARBON, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, ETC., WHICH IN
TURN FUSE INTO HEAVIER ELEMENTS, UNTIL YOU BY THE STRONG
GRAVITY CAUSE HYDROGEN TO FUSE INTO ELEMENTS HEAVIER
THAN IRON ARE NOT MADE BY THE NORMAL FUSION REACTIONS
THAT POWER STARS. INSTEAD, THEY ARE FORMED DURING
SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS OF DYING STARS.
• SPALLATION NUCLEAR REACTIONS REFER TO NUCLEAR
REACTIONS RESULTING FROM THE IMPACT OF PARTICLES
COLLIDING WITH ATOMIC NUCLEI.
 • ENERGY THAT MAKE STARS VERY HOT AND VERY BRIGHT.
• BUT TO GET IRON TO FUSE INTO HEAVIER ELEMENTS, YOU
HAVE TO ADD ENERGY. SO WHEN THE STAR HAS "BURNED"
EVERYTHING BUT IRON, IT IS ALMOST DEAD - IT HAS USED UP
ALL ITS FUEL. THE HEAT AND RADIATION THAT HAVE
STREAMED OUTWARD, PREVENTING THE STAR FROM
COLLAPSING UNDER THE FORCE OF ITS IMMENSE GRAVITY,
STOP FLOWING, AND THE STAR COLLAPSES RAPIDLY. THE
FORCE OF THIS COLLAPSE RESULTS IN A COLOSSAL
EXPLOSION -- A SUPERNOVA.
• THE FORCES OF THE EXPLOSION DRIVE IRON NUCLEI INTO EACH
OTHER, SUPPLYING THE ENERGY NEEDED TO FORCE THE IRON
NUCLEI TO FUSE INTO HEAVIER ELEMENTS. THUS GOLD, URANIUM
-- ALL ELEMENTS HEAVIER THAN IRON -- ARE MAINLY FORMED IN
SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS.
What Is An Iron-56?
• The most common isotope of iron.
• Has the lowest mass per nucleon.
• One of the most tightly bond
nuclei.
What Is Supernova?
 A transient “NOVA” means in
astronomical event Latin is “NEW”

SUPERNOVA
The word supernova Cause the sudden
was coined by Walter
appearance of a
Baade and Fritz Zwicky
in 1931 “new” bright star
Elements that are
heavier than Iron…
.