THE BALINESE TRADITIONAL

MEDICINE. LECTURE 1

NYOMAN ADIPUTRA
 WHO TECHNICAL REPORT NO.622

• “…TRADITIONAL MEDICINE MIGHT ALSO BE

CONSIDERED AS A SOLID AMALGAMATION OF
DYNAMIC MEDICAL KNOW-HOW AND
ANCESTRAL EXPERIENCE”
 WHO TECHNICAL REPORT NO.622
• “…the sum total of all the knowledge and
practices whether explicable or not, used in
diagnosis, prevention and elimination of
physical, mental or social imbalance and
relying exclusively on practical experience and
observation handed down from generation to
generation, whether verbally or in writing”
 INTRODUCTION
• TRADITIONAL MEDICAL KNOWHOW IS FOUND
IN EVERY NATION OR SUB-NATION.
• IT IS HANDED DOWN FROM GENERATION TO
GENERATION ORALLY OR WRITTEN.
• FOR BALINESE IT IS WRITTEN ON PALM LEAF
(LONTAR).
• THE BALINESE TRADITIONAL MEDICAL
KNOWHOW IS CONSIDERED AS A PART OF
BALINESE CULTURE.
 WHY IT IS STILL UTILIZED?
• THE BALINESE TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IS A
PART OF CULTURE
• THERE ARE 3 ELEMENTS:
A) SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE;
B) PROVIDER;
C) CONSUMER.
 A) SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE
• SUBJECTS SHOULD KNOW:
1)GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (TATWA):
BRAHMANDA TATWA = COSMOLOGY
ATMA TATWA= SOUL
WREHASPATI TATWA= PHILOSOPHY
AJI SANGKHYA= PHILOSOPHY
WARIGA = CALENDAR
AGAMA = RELIGION
RWA BHINEDA= PHILOSOPHY
 2) MEDICAL KNOWLEDGES
• PANCA MAHA BHUTA = MEDICAL PHYSICS
• SARASWATI = ANATOMY
• SASTRA SANGA = ANATOMY
• BUWANA MAHBAH = PATHOLOGY
• PINARAH PITU = PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• KAHILANGAN KAWAH= PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• PATI URIP= PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• TARUPREMANA, SUNDARI SIKSA=PHARMACOPEA
 CONT’
• BUDHA KECAPI, KALIMAHA USADHA-USADHI =
COMPLETE MEDICAL KNOWLEDGES.
• KAPUTUSAN (THE SUMMARY)
• CLASSIFICATION OF USADHA, BASED ON 2
ASPECT:
1) SUBJECT TO BE TREATED
2) COLOR’ NAME
 1. SUBJECT TO BE TREATED:
• USADHA RAREPAEDIATRICS
• USADHA DALEM INTERNAL MEDICINE
• USADHA BUDUH PSYCHIATRY
• USADHA GONDONGGOITRE DISEASE
• USADHA KECACAR SMALLPOX
• USADHA ILA LEPROZY
• USADHA CUKIL DAKIDERMATOLOGY
• USADHA MANAK OBSTETRY & GYNECOLOGY
• USADHA KAMATUSVENEROLOGY
 2. COLOR’ NAME
• USADHA KUNING (YELLOW)PAEDIATRICS
• USADHA PUTIH (WHITE) ADOLESCENT
• USADHA BANG (RED) ADULT
• USADHA CEMENG (BLACK) GERIATRICS

INDIVIDUAL WHO MASTERING ON USADHA IS

CALLED BALIAN USADHA OR DUKUN
 TYPE OF BALIAN IN BALI
• BALIAN USADHA TRADITIONAL DOCTOR
• BALIAN KETAKSON GOT A MAGICAL THING,
BY THEN HAS A POWER CAPABILITY IN
CURING A PATIENT
• BALIAN MANAKAS A BIRTH ATTENDANCE
• BALIAN ELUNGAS A BONE SETTER
• BALIAN TENUNG AS A FORTUNE TELLER
• BALIAN ENGENGAN AS A FORTUNE TELLER
 WHO WILL BECOME A BALIAN?
• ANY BODY CAN
• BOTH SEXES MALE OR FEMALE
• GENEALOGICAL ASPECT PREFERENCE (family
pedigree)
• AT THE LATE OF 30 YRS OLD START TO STUDY
• STUDY PROCESS IN A VERY INFORMAL LEARNING
PROCESS
• UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SENIOR TRADITIONAL
HEALER/BALIAN
 3. CONSUMER
• THE BALINESE WHO ARE SUFFERING FROM
ANY OF ILLNESSES OR DISEASES. AT VILLAGE
AS WELL AS TOWN/ CITY.
• WHEN?
-TRADITIONAL MEDICINE UTILIZE FIRSTLY
THEN TO MODERN MEDICINE
-MODERN MEDICINE FIRSTLY THEN TO TM
-MM & TM AT THE SAME TIME
 A BALIAN IS MORALLY CONDUCT
• ROLES OF BALIAN:
1) CONSULTANT,
2) HEALER,
3) MEDIATOR,
4) FORMAL LEADER,
5) VILLAGE COUNCIL,
6) ARTIST,
7) HOLY PRIEST
 A BALIAN IS MORALLY CONDUCT
• THE STEPS DONE AS A HEALER (process of making
diagnosis):
1) INTERVIEWING (ANAMNESIS),
2) INSPECTING;  do inspection
3) PALPATING;  do palpation
4) PERCUSSING,  do percussion
5) AUSCULTATING,  do auscultation
6) ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
 TREATMENT PROCEDURE
• CONSISTS OF:
A) MEDICATION: -herbal, mineral, oil, and
animal organ.
-CAUSATIVE THERAPY;
-SYMPTOMATIC THERAPY;
-SUPPORTIVE THERAPY.
B) RELIGIOUS CEREMONY: by conducting
ceremony, as a purification process.
 COVERAGE OF TM
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE MODERN MEDICINE
• CURATIVE • CURATIVE
• REHABILITATIVE • REHABILITATIVE
• PREVENTIVE • PREVENTIVE
• PROMOTIVE • PROMOTIVE

• SIMILARITY & • SIMILARITY &

DISSIMILARITY DISSIMILARITY
 TRADITIONAL CONCEPT
• HEALTH BALANCE OR HARMONY BETWEEN
PHYSICAL & MENTAL; MICROCOSMIC &
MACROCOSMIC.
• ILLNESSDISBALANCE OR DISHARMONY
• TREATMENT:
DISBALANCE BALANCE
DISHARMONYHARMONY
 AETIOLOGICAL FACTORS

1) INTERNALLY:
1) KANDA PAT: the four siblings
2) PANCA MAHA BHUTA: the 5 basic
elements
3) SAD RIPU: the six enemies
4) SAPTA TIMIRA: the seven darkneses
 SAD RIPU= 6 ENEMIES
• KAMA  SEXUAL DRIVE
• LOBA GREEDY
• KRODA ANGRILY
• MOHA UPSET
• MATSARYA ENVY
• MADA DRUNK
 SAPTA TIMIRA = 7 DARKNESS
• SURUPA BEAUTY
• DANARICH
• GUNACLEVER
• KULINANOBILITY
• YOWANAYOUNG
• SURADRINKER
• KASURAN SUCCESS
 AETIOLOGICAL FACTORS
2) EXTERNALLY:
a) GOD; DEMONS; EVIL SPIRITS
b) TOXIC AGENTS: PLANTS, ANIMALS,
MINERALS, METALS
c) ENVIRONMENTAL:
MALCONSTRUCTION OF HOUSE,
INAPPROPRIATE HOUSE LOCATION,
DISCOMPOSED HOUSE,
WIND
Lecture 2.
 CONCEPT OF TREATMENT
1) CAUSATIVE
2) SYMPTOMATIC
3) SUPPORTIVE
-PSYCHOANALYSES
-CEREMONY
-SOCIAL ASPECT
 DRUGS USED
• PLANTS: BARK, SKIN, ROOT, SEED, FLOWER,
LEAVES, FRUITS
• ANIMAL: EGG, BLOOD, LIVER, BILE, BONE
• MINERAL
• WATER
• OIL
• SOURCES: USADA TARU PREMANA, SUNDARI
SIKSA, PARIK KAYU
 TRADITIONAL HEALER
A) BALIAN: USADABY LEARNING
KETAKSONMAGICAL POWER
B) BALIAN: GENERALIST
SPECIALIST
C) BALIAN: PANENGEN RIGHTIST
PANGIWA LEFTIST
 KEPUTUSAN
• “THE COMPLETE ONES”
• CONTAIN ALSO THE MANTRA (HOLY SPELLING
OR SONGS) THAT MUST BE USED DURING
TREATMENT
• THERE ARE MANY KEPUTUSAN MUST BE
STUDIED
 PAYMENT TO TRAD’L HEALER
• IN NATURA: RICE, COCONUT, EGG
INFORMS OF DAKSINA, SAUR ATUR, SESANGI
• TRADITIONAL LAWS
• NEVER SEEK FOR RICH
• ETHICAL ASPECT
 COMPARISON
• APPROACH MARE HOLISTICS
• DIAGNOSIS MORE FAMILIAR
• MATERIALS FOR MEDICINESNATURALLY
PRODUCED (environmentally sound, low cost)
• PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTBENEFITTING
PATIENTS
• CULTURAL EFFECT
TRADITIONAL TEXT FOR MATERIA MEDICA

• TARU PREMANA, SUNDARI SIKSA, PARIK KAYU

• EFFECTS DEPEND ON:
-COLOR OF FLOWER
-SHAPE OF LEAVES
-TASTE
-COLOR OF WOOD
 COLOR OF FLOWER
• WHITE WARM EFFECT
• YELLOW WARM EFFECT
• ROSENEUTRAL EFFECT
• GREENCOLD EFFECT
• BLUECOLD EFFECT
• REDHOT EFFECT
• PINKHOT EFFECT
 COLOR OF WOOD
• REDHOT
• PINKHOT
• VIOLETWARM
• WHITECOLD
• BLUECOLD
 TASTE
• SWEET HOT
• CHILI HOT
• BITTERNEUTRAL
• NO TASTE NEUTRAL
• DELICIOUS COLD
• SOURWARM
 LEAVES
• ROUNDEDCOLD
• LONGCOLD
• SHARF HOT
• SMALL BRANCHED HOT
• SERRATEDNEUTRAL
• BRANCHED NEUTRAL
 ANIMALS
• FOETUS: PORCUPINE
• LIVER: SNAKE, DOG, MONKEY
• BLOOD: SNAKE, MONKEY
• BILE: SNAKE, DOG, MONKEY
• MEAT: MONKEY, DOG, LIZARD, FISH
• BONE: DUGONG FISH
 CONCLUSION
• BALINESE TRADITIONAL HEALER IS A PART OF
BALINESE SOCIETY AND STILL FUNCTION
• IN THEIR WAYS BALINESE BALIAN ARE
SCIENTIST, HAVING AFTER HARD STUDY
MASTERED A COHERENT AND SYSTEMATIC
WHOLE OF CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE
 CONCLUSION
• BALIAN HAS TO BE OF A PURE BEHAVIOUR
AND A MORAL CONDUCT
 KALIMA USADA
• PINARAH PITU: doctrine of the 7 saints
• SASTRA SANGA: the 9 openings of body
• KAHILANGAN KAWAH: destroy the hell
• PANCA MAHA BHUTA: 5 elements
• PATI URIP: doctrine of death and life
• SARASWATI: bodily various magic letter
• BUWANA MABAH:the correspondence between the
universe and the body
 BUDA KECAPI
• THEORY & PRACTICES OF TRAD.MED
• SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES
• THERAPEUTICS PROCEDURES
• WAY OF PAYMENT TO BALIAN:
-SESANTUN
-SESANGI: -an offering to the God
-2/3 for Balian; -1/3 for patient
-SAUR ATUR: 1/3 B ; 1/3 P ; 1/3 N
 GEOGRAPHICAL ORIENTATION
• FROM SOUTH TO NORTH
• SOUTH SEA; CONSIDERED IMPURE
• NORTH MOUNTAIN; SACRED
 SOLAR ORIENTATION
• FROM WEST TO EAST
• WEST IS CONSIDERED IMPURE
• EAST IS CONSIDERED SACRED
• TRICOTOMY:
PURE EAST OR NORTH
MODERATE  MIDDLE
IMPURE WEST OR SOUTH
 Based on geographical/solar
orientation
North

impure moderate Pure

West East

moderate

impure

South