Week 1 Introduction To Programming Updated

Week 1: Introduction to C++ Programming
Starting Out with C++

Early Objects
Seventh Edition
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Important Information
Assessment methods
1. Coursework – 50%
Practical Test (15%) - week 8 (Saturday)
Test 1 (10%) - week 7
Test 2 (10%) - week 10
Group assignment (15%) - week 12
2. Final Exam – 50%
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-2

1-2
Recommended Text books:
Gaddis T, (2015). Starting Out with C++: From Control

Structures to Objects (8th ed.). Pearson/ Prentice Hall.
D.S Malik (2015) C++ Programming: From Problem

Analysis to Program Design (7th ed.). Cengage Learning

Lecturer and Tutor Info.
Lecturer: Mr. Steven Phan Koo Yuen

Room: N-G037
Email: phanky@utar.edu.my , 0192348826
Tutor: Mr. Steven Phan Koo Yuen

Email: : phanky@utar.edu.my
Tutor: Dr. Tan Joi San

Email: : jstan@utar.edu.my

Advise and Rules
• Study the lecture note in advance.
• Attempt the practical questions in advance at
home.
• Buy the Text Book.
• Spend 2 hours every day to practice the
programming.
• Consult the lecturer ASAP if you are not
understand.
• Show your effort in attempting the questions
before asking the solutions.
• Get Ready to answers any questions in the
class.
Topics
1.1 Programs and Programming Languages
1.2 What Is a Program Made of?
1.3 Input, Processing, and Output
1.4 The Programming Process
1.5 Structured Programming
1.6 C++ Program

1-6
1.1 Programs and Programming
Languages
• Program
a set of instructions directing a computer to
perform a task
• Programming Language
a language used to write programs

Programs and Programming Languages
Types of languages
– Low-level: used for communication with
computer hardware directly.
– High-level: closer to human language

From a High-level Program to an
Executable File
a) Create file containing the program with a

text editor.
b) Run preprocessor to convert source file
directives to source code program
statements.
c) Run compiler to convert source program
statements into machine instructions.

Executable File
d) Run linker to connect hardware-specific

library code to machine instructions,
producing an executable file.
Steps b) through d) are often performed by a
single command or button click.
Errors occuring at any step will prevent
execution of the following steps.

Executable File

1.2 What Is a Program Made Of?
Common elements in programming

languages:
– Key Words
– Programmer-Defined Identifiers
– Operators
– Punctuation
– Syntax

Example Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
double num1 = 5,
num2, sum;
num2 = 12.5;
sum = num1 + num2;

cout << "The sum is " << sum;
system(“pause”);
return 0;
}
Lines vs. Statements
In a source file,
A line is all of the characters entered before a
carriage return.
Blank lines improve the readability of a
program.
Here are four sample lines. Line 3 is blank:
double num1 = 5, num2, sum;
num2 = 12;
sum = num1 + num2;

Lines vs. Statements
In a source file,
A statement is an instruction to the computer to
perform an action.
A statement may contain keywords, operators,
programmer-defined identifiers, and
punctuation.
A statement may fit on one line, or it may
occupy multiple lines.
Here is a single statement that uses two lines:
double num1 = 5,
num2, sum;
Variables
• A variable is a named location in computer
memory (in RAM)
• It holds a piece of data
• It must be defined before it can be used
• Example variable definition:
- double num1;

1.3 Input, Processing, and Output
Three steps that many programs perform
1) Gather input data
- from keyboard
- from files on disk drives
2) Process the input data
3) Display the results as output
- send it to the screen or a printer
- write it to a file

1.4 The Programming Process
1. Define what the program is to do.
2. Visualize the program running on the
computer.
3. Use design tools to create a model of the
program.
Hierarchy charts, flowcharts, pseudocode, etc.
4. Check the model for logical errors.
5. Write the program source code.
6. Compile the source code.

The Programming Process (cont.)
7. Correct any errors found during compilation.
8. Link the program to create an executable file.
9. Run the program using test data for input.
10. Correct any errors found while running the
program.
Repeat steps 4 - 10 as many times as necessary.
11. Validate the results of the program.
Does the program do what was defined in step 1?

1.5 Structured Programming
• A method for designing and coding
programs in a systematic, organized
manner
• It combines the principles of top-down
design, modularity and the use of the three
accepted control structures: sequence,
repetition and selection
• Sequence, repetition and selection can be
expressed in pseudocode, or with
flowcharts

Flowcharts START
Display message “How
• A flowchart is a diagram
many hours did you
work?”
that depicts the “flow” of a

Read Hours
program.
• The figure shown here is a
much do you get paid per
hour?”
flowchart for the pay-

calculating program Read Pay Rate
Multiply Hours by Pay

Rate. Store result in
Gross Pay.
Display Gross Pay
END

Basic flowcharting symbols

Basic Flowchart START
Terminal
Symbols Display message “How

many hours did you
work?”
• Terminals Read Hours
– represented by rounded Display message “How

rectangles hour?”
– indicate a starting or
ending point Read Pay Rate

START Gross Pay.
END Display Gross Pay
Terminal
END

START
Basic Flowchart Display message “How
Symbols many hours did you

work?”
• Input/Output Operations Read Hours
– represented by
parallelograms Display message “How
hour?” Input/Output
– indicate an input or output

Operation
operation
Read Pay Rate

Gross Pay.
many hours did you
work?” Read Hours
Display Gross Pay
END

Basic Flowchart START
Symbols Display message

“How many
hours did you
• Processes work?”
– represented by rectangles Read Hours
– indicates a process such as Display message

a mathematical computation “How much do
you get paid per
or variable assignment hour?”
Read Pay Rate
Multiply Hours Multiply Hours

by Pay Rate. Process
by Pay Rate.
Store result in
Store result in Gross Pay.
Gross Pay.
Display Gross
Pay
END

START
Stepping Through the Display message “How

many hours did you
Flowchart work?”
Read Hours
Your gross pay is
800

hour?”
Read Pay Rate

Gross Pay.
Variable Contents:
Hours: 40
Pay Rate: 20 Output Operation Display Gross Pay
Gross Pay: 800
END

Control Structures
In 1960s computer scientists proved there are only 3 basic control
structures (also called constructs) needed to create any program or
algorithm!
• Sequence –in sequential order.

– The simplest of control structures – start at the beginning and
continue in sequential order.
• Selection – selectively execute statements
– Also called a branch or decision
– requires a condition to determine when to execute statements.
• Repetition – repeat statements more than once
– Also called a loop
– needs a stop condition, i.e, the program will continue to loop
until some condition is met.

Sequence Structure
• a series of actions are performed in sequence
• The pay-calculating example was a sequence
flowchart.

Decision Structure
• In the flowchart segment below, the question “is
marks > 50?” is asked. If the answer is no, then
process Fail is performed. If the answer is yes, then
process Pass is performed.
NO YES
Marks > 50?
Process Fail Process Pass

Repetition Structure
• In the flowchart segment, the question “is x < y?” is
asked. If the answer is yes, then Process A is
performed. The question “is x < y?” is asked again.
Process A is repeated as long as x is less than y.
When x is no longer less than y, the repetition stops
and the structure is exited.
YES
x < y? Process A

Controlling a Repetition Structure
• The action performed by a repetition structure must
eventually cause the loop to terminate. Otherwise, an
infinite loop is created.
• In this flowchart segment, x is never changed. Once
the loop starts, it will never end.
• QUESTION: How can this
flowchart be modified so
it is no longer an infinite YES
loop? x < y? Display x

Case Structure
• One of several possible actions is taken,
depending on the contents of a variable. (the
value of Years_employed)
If years_employed = 2, bonus is set If years_employed = 3, bonus is set

to 200 to 400
If years_employed = 1, bonus is set If years_employed is any other

CASE value, bonus is set to 800
to 100 years_employed
1 2 3 Other
bonus = 100 bonus = 200 bonus = 400 bonus = 800

Modules
• A program module (such START
as a function in C++) is
represented by a special Read Input.
symbol.
Call calc_pay
function.
Display results.
END

1.6 The Parts of a C++ Program
// sample C++ program comment
#include <iostream> preprocessor directive
using namespace std; which namespace to use
int main() beginning of function named main
{ beginning of block for main
cout << "Hello, there!"; output statement
return 0; send 0 back to operating system
} end of block for main

2-34
The Parts of a C++ Program
Statement Purpose
// sample C++ program comment
#include <iostream> preprocessor directive
using namespace std; which namespace to use
int main() beginning of function named main
{ beginning of block for main
cout << "Hello, there!"; Output statement
system(“pause”); Pause your program b4 disappear
return 0; send 0 back to the operating system
} end of block for main

2-35
Special Characters
Character Name Description
// Double Slash Begins a comment
# Pound Sign Begins preprocessor directive
< > Open, Close Brackets Encloses filename used in

#include directive
( ) Open, Close Parentheses Used when naming function
{ } Open, Close Braces Encloses a group of statements

" " Open, Close Quote Marks Encloses string of characters
; Semicolon Ends a programming statement

2-36
Important Details
• C++ is case-sensitive. Uppercase and
lowercase characters are different
characters. ‘Main’ is not the same as
‘main’.
• Every { must have a corresponding }, and
vice-versa.

The cout Object
• Displays information on computer screen
• Use << to send information to cout
cout << "Hello, there!";
• Can use << to send multiple items to cout
cout << "Hello, " << "there!";
Or
cout << "Hello, ";
cout << "there!";

2-38
// A simple C++ program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Programming is great fun!";
cout << "Programming is " << "great fun!";
cout << "Programming is ";

cout << "great fun!";
system(“pause”);
return 0;
}

Starting a New Line
• To get multiple lines of output on screen
- Use endl
cout << "Hello, there!" << endl;
cout << "Programming is great fun!“ <<
endl << endl;
- Use \n in an output string
cout << "Hello, there!\n";
cout << "Programming is great
fun!\n\n“;

2-40
The #include Directive
• Inserts the contents of another file into the

program
• Is a preprocessor directive
– Cout is not part of the C++ language No ; goes here
• Example:
#include <iostream>

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Week 1: Introduction to C++ Programming

Starting Out with C++

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

2. Final Exam – 50%

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-2

Gaddis T, (2015). Starting Out with C++: From Control

D.S Malik (2015) C++ Programming: From Problem

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-3

Lecturer: Mr. Steven Phan Koo Yuen

Tutor: Mr. Steven Phan Koo Yuen

Tutor: Dr. Tan Joi San

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-4

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-7

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-8

a) Create file containing the program with a

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d) Run linker to connect hardware-specific

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-11

Common elements in programming

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sum = num1 + num2;

sum = num1 + num2;

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-20

Display message “How

that depicts the “flow” of a

flowchart for the pay-

Multiply Hours by Pay

Display Gross Pay

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-21

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-22

Symbols Display message “How

• Terminals Read Hours

– represented by rounded Display message “How

Multiply Hours by Pay

END Display Gross Pay

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Basic Flowchart Display message “How

Symbols many hours did you

• Input/Output Operations Read Hours

– indicate an input or output

Multiply Hours by Pay

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Symbols Display message

– represented by rectangles Read Hours

– indicates a process such as Display message

Read Pay Rate

Multiply Hours Multiply Hours

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Stepping Through the Display message “How

Display message “How

Read Pay Rate

Multiply Hours by Pay

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• Sequence –in sequential order.

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