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Ccna1 - Mod10 - Routing Fundamentals and Subnetting
Ccna1 - Mod10 - Routing Fundamentals and Subnetting
Routing Fundamentals
and Subnetting
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Routable Protocols
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Routed Protocols
•
• A routed protocol allows the router to forward data
between nodes on different networks.
o it must have the ability to assign a network number and
a host number to each individual device
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Routable Protocols
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Encapsulation Process
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
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Transport Layer
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Internet Protocol (IP)
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IP
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Connection-Oriented vs. Connectionless
Networks
• Connectionless Networks
o Often referred to as packet-switched processes
o IP Protocol
o Internet
• Connection-Oriented Networks
o Often referred to as circuit-switched processes
o A connection with the recipient is first established, and
then data transfer begins
o TCP adds Layer 4, connection-oriented reliability
services to IP
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IP Header
• IP header length (HLEN) – Indicates the datagram header length in
32-bit words.
• Padding – extra zeros are added to this field to ensure that the IP
header is always a multiple of 32 bits.
• Flags – A three-bit field in which the two low-order bits control
fragmentation
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Network Layer
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Routers
• A router is a network
layer device that uses one
or more routing metrics to
determine the optimal path
along which network traffic
should be forwarded
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Routers
• The encapsulation and de-encapsulation process occurs each time a
packet transfers through a router
• This process breaks up the data stream into segments, adds the
appropriate headers and trailers then transmits the data. The de-
encapsulation process is the opposite process, removing the headers and
trailers, then recombining the data into a seamless stream
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Routing versus Switching
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Routing versus Switching
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Routing versus Switching
• Each computer and router interface maintains an ARP table for Layer 2
communication. The ARP table is only effective for the broadcast domain
(or LAN) that it is connected to.
• The router also maintains a routing table that allows it to route data
outside of the broadcast domain
• Each ARP table contains an IP-MAC address pair
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Routing versus Switching
• The Layer 2 switch can only recognize its own local MAC
addresses and cannot handle Layer 3 IP addresses
• The host uses the MAC address of the router as the destination
MAC address
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Routing versus Switching
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Routed versus Routing Protocols
• Routed protocols transport data
across a network
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Routed versus Routing Protocols
• Routing protocols allow routers to
choose the best path for data from
source to destination
• Routers use routing protocols to
exchange routing tables and share
routing information
• Routing protocols enable routers to
route routed protocols
• Examples of routing protocols
include:
o Routing Information Protocol (RIP),
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
(IGRP), Open Shortest Path First
(OSPF), Border Gateway Protocol
(BGP), and Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP).
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Path Determination
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Routing Tables
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Routing algorithm and metrics
• Routing protocols often have one or more of the following design
goals:
o Optimization
o Simplicity and low overhead
o Robustness and stability
o Flexibility
• Routing algorithms use different metrics to determine the best
route. The most commonly used metrics include:
o Bandwidth Delay
o Load Reliability
o Hop count
o Ticks
o Cost
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IGPs and EGPs
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IGPs and EGPs
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Link State and Distance Vector
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Distance-vector Routing Protocols
• Examples of distance-vector protocols include:
o Routing Information Protocol (RIP) – The most common IGP
in the Internet, RIP uses hop count as its only routing metric. RIP
cannot route a packet beyond 15 hops.
o Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) – This IGP was
developed by Cisco to address issues associated with routing in
large, heterogeneous networks. IGRP can select the fastest
available path based on delay, bandwidth, load, and reliability.
IGRP also has a much higher maximum hop count limit than RIP.
o Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP) – This Cisco-proprietary IGP includes
many of the features of a link-state routing protocol. EIGRP
provides superior operating efficiency such as fast convergence
and low overhead bandwidth Because of this, it has been called a
balanced-hybrid protocol, but it is really an advanced distance-
vector routing protocol
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Link-State Routing Protocols
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Subnetting
• Subnetting provides manageability, enables the network
administrator to provide broadcast containment, and low-level
security on the LAN.
• Subnet addresses include the Class A, Class B, and Class C
network portion, plus a subnet field and a host field. The subnet
field and the host field are created from the original host portion of
the major IP address.
• A LAN is seen as a single network with no knowledge of the
internal network structure. This view of the network keeps the
routing tables small and efficient.
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Subnet Mask
• The subnet mask gives the router the information required to
determine in which network and subnet a particular host resides
• The subnet octet or octets are determined by adding the position
value of the bits that were borrowed. If three bits were borrowed,
the mask for a Class C address would be 255.255.255.224.
• This mask may also be represented, in the slash format, as /27.
The number following the slash is the total number of bits that were
used for the network and subnetwork portion.
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Subnetting Formula
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ANDing Process
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