HIV/AIDS

Zebadia Martin,MD student,

zebadiamartin@gmail.com
 Outlines
• Overview
• Background
• Problem statement
• Severity of HIV/AIDS
• WHO and MOHCDGEC goals and targets
• Recommendations/what to do?
• Conclusion
• References
 Overview
• HIV is a retrovirus of the subgroup lentivirus,
transmitted through contacts of body fluids,
i.e., blood, semen, saliva.
• CD4-Lymphocytes,and macrophages are
targets and have special receptors for the HIV
virus,CXCR4 and CCR5 respectively.
• HIV is the cause of Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
 Overview...

• Due to destruction of the main player cells

(CD4) cells, a person becomes immuno-
compromised
• The killers, are the opportunistic infections
where the TB is the major
 Background.
• Scientists identified type of chimpanzee in
West Africa as the source of HIV.
• chimps affected SIV when hunted for meat by
human, the contact caused transmission of SIV
to human.
• In human SIV mutated to HIV
 Background...
• The earliest case was detected from the man
from Kinshasa Congo,1959
• In US cases were reported since mid
1970s,where from 1979-1981 rare type of
pneumonia, cancer and other illness not
commonly found in those with healthy
immunity
• Los Angels, MSM at the same time in New
York
 Background...
• In 1982 the term AIDS was coined, to describe
the occurrence of opportunistic infections, eg
AIDS defining cancers, pneumocystis jirovecii.
• Where in 1983 HIV, formerly known as
HTLV-III was discovered
• In Tanzania first three cases were reported in
Kagera region in 1983.
• In 1987 first ART,AZT
 Problem statement about HIV/AIDS
• HIV/AIDS has become the global threat with
higher prevalence in low income settings than
in high income settings
• We are to identify the issues, eg socio-
economic factors bio-behavioural pattern,
culture, response to ART
 Severity and burden of HIV/AIDS

• According to UNAIDS, adult HIV prevalence in

Tanzania is estimated at 4.7%.
• regional HIV prevalence ranging from 0.2 percent
(Zanzibar) to 15.4 percent (Njombe).
• A total of 1.4 million Tanzanians were estimated
to be living with HIV in 2015.
• An estimated 54,000 new infections and 36,000
AIDS-related deaths occur in Tanzania annually.
Severity and burden of HIV/AIDS...
• 1.8 million people
newly infected with
HIV
• 20.9 million people by
mid of 2017, already
had access to ART
 WHO goals
• vision: Zero new infection, zero HIV related
deaths and zero HIV-related discrimination in
the world where PLWHA are able to live long
and healthier.
• Goal: To end the AIDS epidemics as a public
health threat by 2030, within the context of
ensuring healthy live and promoting well-
being for all at all ages
 WHO targets
• Reducing global HIV-related deaths to below
500000,
• Reduce TB deaths among PLWHA by 75%
• Reduce HBV &HCV deaths among PLWHA
by 10%
• Ensure 90% diagnosed HIV+ receive ART
• Ensure 90% of PLWHA know their status, are
enrolled to access treatment
 MOHCDGEC goals and targets
• Reflects WHO goals and targets
• To scale up health sector response to HIV and
AIDS and strengthen the capacity to support on
going interventions.
• To promote access and utilisation of affordable
and essential intervention commodities for HIV
and AIDS.
• To improve HIV and AIDS intervention to general
public heath care provider and key vulnerable
populations.
 What to do?
• Science of prevention and therapy applay
• We need specialized health economists,
scientific planning.
 ....

#Everybody counts#
 References:
• www.who.int>gho>hiv
• HIV-AIDS factsheet Tanzania
• www.unaid.org
• www.nacp.go.tz