MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE In this chapter, we study the basic physics of motion where the object (race car, tectonic plate, blood cell, or any other object) moves along a sine gle axis, Such motion is called one-dimensional motion.2-2 Motion 1. The motion is along a straight line only. The line may be vertical, horizontal, or slanted, but st must be straight 2. Forces (pushes and pulls) cause motion In this chapter we discuss only the motion itself and changes in the motion. Does the moving object speed up, slow down, stop, or reverse direction? If the motion does change, how is time involved in the change? 3, The moving object is either a particle (by which we mean a pointlike object such as an electron) or an object that moves like a particle (such that every portion moves in the same direction and at the same rate).2-3 Position and Displacement Posiine dtection — To locate an object means to find its position relative to some reference point, of* — ten the origin (or zero point) of an axis such as the x axis in Fig. 2-1. The positive Negative direction direction of the axis is in the direction of increasing numbers (coordinates), which SS Tem) origin! is to the right in Fig. 2-1. The opposite is the negative direction. Fig. 2-1 Position is determined on an axis that is marked in units of length (here ‘meters) and that extends indefinitely in op= posite directions The axis name, here xis always on the postive side of the origin.For example, a particle might be located at x = 5m, which means it is 5 m in the positive direction from the origin. If it were at x = —5 m, it would be just as far from the origin but in the opposite direction. On the axis, a coordinate of 5 m is less than a coordinate of —1 m, and both coordinates are less than a coordinate of +5 m. A plus sign for a coordinate need not be shown, but a minus sign must always be shown. Positive direction — Negative direction fxom onign/ Fig. 2-1 Position is determined on an ‘axis that is marked in units of length (here 'meters) and that extends indefinitely in op- pposite directions, The axis name, here x, is always on the positive side of the origin,Displacement A change from position x, to position is called a displacement Ax, where Ax =x, — x, (1) (The symbol A, the Greek uppercase delta, represents a change in a quantity, and it means the final value of that quantity minus the initial value.) When numbers Displacement is an example of a vector quantity, which is a quantity that has both a direction and a magnitude.2-4 Average Velocity and Average Speed This isa graph of position x abject. ‘Some postion for any time, Fig. 222 Actually, several quantities are associated with the phrase “how fast." One of themis the average velocity v,, which is the ratio of the displacement Ax that oc- ‘curs during a particular time interval A¢ to that imterval: (22)2-5 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed However, the phrase “how fast” more commonly refers to how fast a particle is moving at a given instant—its instantaneous velocity (or simply velocity) v v= jim = (24) Note that v is the rate at which position x is changing with time at a given instant; that is, v is the derivative of x with respect to ¢, Also note that v at any instant is the slope of the position—time curve at the point representing that instant. Velocity is another vector quantity and thus has an associated direction. Speed is the magnitude of velocity; (Caution: Speed and average speed can be quite different.) A velocity of +5 m/s and one of —5 m/s both have an associated speed of 5 m/s. The speedometer in a car measures speed, not velocity (it cannot determine the direction)MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS4-2 Position and Displacement One general way of locating a particle (or particle-like object) is with a positis vyeetor 7, which is a vector that extends from a reference point (usually the ori- gin) to the particle, In the unit-vector notation 7 can be written =axi + yj + zk, (4-1) where xi, yj,and zk are the vector components of 7” zare its scalar components. ind the coefficients x, y, and4-3 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity Ifa particle moves through a displacement A? in a time interval At, then its average velocity Vavg is 7 displacement average velocity = “lime interval ° a Ar or Vavg = ae (4-8) This tells us that the direction of Vjy, (the vector on the left side of Eq. 4-8) must be the same as that of the displacement A (the vector on the right side). Using Eq. 4-4, we can write Eq. 4-8 in vector components as Axi + Ayj + Ak _ Ax » Aye, Az ¢ (4-9) Yave At ALA4-4 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration When a particle’s velocity changes from ¥, to ¥, in a time interval Ay, its average acceleration d,, during Aris average __change in velocity acceleration “time interval ~ tA or 4g = ap iAmnConTAR: 15) If we shrink Af to zero about some instant, then in the limit @,, approaches the instantaneous acceleration (or acceleration) @ at that instant; that is, a= (4-16)4-5 Projectile Motion Atihe top ofthe trajectory, the projectile has zero vertical elocity x, = 0), but is vertical acceleration is till = Vertically, he projectile py isin constant acceleration ‘motion in response tothe ‘car's gravittional pll “Thusits verical velocity changes by equal arnunts ‘daring equal ime intervals, Horizontally he projectile is in consiaat-vclocty motien Is horizontal acceleration is zero, soit moves equal -stancesin equal time intervalsPath (trajectory) of the Project Because there is no horizontal component of acceleration and vertical component of velocity after any arbitrary time tis given by v= vecos(8) and — vy =vesin(6) tat (2) The magnitude of the resultant velocity vector, y After time t yoy v= Vi +v3) (3) The angle @ that the velocity vector makes with the horizontal at that instants given by, v tand = vy (4) Fig: The path of a projectileThe displacement along x and y axis at any time tis given as x= vacos(é)t (6) and y= vosin(on+ Zone © x From equation (5), t = veosé Substituting the value of t in equation (6) we get, x 1 x? Therefore y-v. mee * 3°) Weosté * ya(tane yx +(3 a, eos (U) 2 cos" This is the equation of the projectile. Singe.6, ve and a, = -g are constant, this equation has the form, y = ax + bx?, the equation of a parabola. Hence the trajectory of a projectile is a parabola.Equation of a Parabola Standard Form and Vertex Form Equations ‘The equation of caratoa can be expressedin efter ances arveretom as shawn inthe otoure ceo Suundad Form venex Yom y= axt+bx+o y= a(x-h)+k UM Standard Form Equation ‘The standard tom of aparavolas equations genealyexressed yrar+br+c Theriecr's| om omHow much time passes until the projectile is at the top of its trajectory? At the top of the trajectory the y, or upward, velocity of the projectile will be 0.0 m/s. The object is still moving at this moment, but its velocity is BUFEIV/ROFZOREAI. At the top it is not moving up or down, only Ber6SS) Notice that the object is still in motion at the top of the trajectory; however, its velocity is SSmpleteNherizental. It has stopped going up and is about to begin going down. Therefore, its y velocity is Ol0)//iils. y velocity = ).0 misWe can use the following kinematics equation V,=Vy+at ‘Subscript it for y: My =Voy +ayt Solve it for t: Vy —Voy Plug in 0.0 mis for Vj: 0.0m/s—Ve, ) ay We know, voy =vesind and 4, Ysing Vy sine -9 g (9) Then the time at which the vy is zeroHow much time passes until the projectile strikes the ground? With no air resistance, the project vll spend an equal amount of time nsing tothe top of is projectile as it spends falling fromthe top to the ground. Since we have already founcthe halftime of fight, we need only to double that value to get the total time of flight Totaltime T= 2t We know (10)Lees Find H-g,visie"= Here you need fo ‘ind the displacement in the y direction at the time vhen the projectle is at the top of is flight. We have just found the time al which the projectile is at the top of ts fight “The displacement formula fe d-vyt+tar’ 3 We mus thnk of tis dapiacement the y drecton 1 Vtte,e Hava t+ 5a, IF we plag in the halftime of flight, ve will slve forthe height of the trajectory, since the projectiles at ts maximum height at this time. se eaine yew eee, from equ. (@)2 Ye sinze 9 ‘The velocity in the x direction does not change. The projectile maintains its original x velocity throughout its entire flight. So, the oriainal x velocity is the only x velocity the projectile will have. d, =V,t (13) Find R Put v, = vscos(8) ine the total time of fight for t = 2. g a Then, d= vocos o2¥2 SIN? = V2 asingcose g 9g ve Range d=R = © sin2e (14) g when sin2@ =1=Sin90 (max value) 6=45 degreeFORCE AND MOTION-Io Newton’s First Law: Tfno force acts on a body, the body’s velocity cannot change; thats, the body cannot accelerate.Inertial Reference Frames Newton’s first law is not true in all reference frames, but we can always find reference frames in which it (as well as the rest of Newtonian mechanics) is true. Such special frames are referred to as inertial reference frames, or simply inertial frames. For example, we can assume that the ground is an inertial frame provided we can neglect Earth’s astronomical motions (such as its rotation).a Newton’s Second Law: The net force on a body is equal to the product of the body's mass and its acceleration. In equation form, Fy = ma@ (Newton's second law). (5-1)The Gravitational Force A gravitational force F, on a body is a certain type of pull that is directed toward | a second body. In these early chapters, we do not discuss the nature of this force and usually consider situations in which the second body is Earth. Thus, when we speak of the gravitational force F, on a body, we usually mean a force that pulls on it directly toward the center of Earth—that is, directly down toward the ground, —F,= m8) F,= mg.F, = mg. (5-8) W =F, (weight, with ground as inertial frame), (S-11) ‘ed The weight W of a body is equal to the magnitude F, of the gravitational force on the body. Substituting mg for F, from Eq. 5-8, we find W=mg (weight), (5-12)The Normal Force J The normal force Normal force Fy is the force on A the block from the supporting table. The forces balance. The gravitational force on the block is due to Earth's downward pull.Tension sl The forces at the two ends of the cord are equal in magnitude.Newton’s Third Law: When two bodies interact, the forces on the bodies from each other are always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. For the book and crate, we can write this law as the scalar relation Fee = Fog (equal magnitudes)Motion in 2D and 3D: Projectile Motion 1 [22] A small ball rolls horizontally off the edge of a tabletop that is 120 m high. It stikes the floor ata point 152m horizontally from the table edge. (a) How long is the ball in the air? (b) What is its speed atthe instantit leaves the table? [25] The cunent world-record motorcycle jump is 77.0 m, set by Jason Renie. Assume that he left the take-off ramp at 12.0° to the horizontal and that the take-off and landing heights are the same. Neglecting air drag, determinehis take-off speed. [32] You throw a ball toward a wall with a speed of 25.0 mis and at an angle of 40.0° above the horizontal. The wall is 22.0 m from the release point of the ball. (a) How far above the release point does the ball hit the wall? (b) What are the horizontal and vertical components of its velocity as it hits the wall? [21] A dartis thrown horizontally with an initial speed of 10 m/s toward point P, the bull’s eye ona dart board. Ithits at, point Q on the rim, vertically below P, 0.19 s later. (a)What is the distance PQ? (b) How far away fiom the dart board is the dartreleased? [29] A projectile’slaunch speedis five times its speed at maximum height. Find launch angle.6 7, 10. Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion [19] 4.500 kg rocket sled can be accelerated at a constant rate from rest to 1600 kmh in 1.8 s. What is the magnitude of the required net force? [1] Only two horizontal forces act on a 3.0 kebody that can move over a ftictionless floor. One force is 9.0 N, acting due east, and the other is 8.0 N acting 62° north of west. What is the magnitude of the body’s acceleration? D5] Sesieuming A“am yacht’ isa spacecraft with a large sail that is pushed by smlight Although such a pash is tiny in everyday circumstances, it can be large enough 10 send the spacecraft curward from the Sun on a cost-free but slow tip. Suppose that the spacecraft has a mass of 900 keg and receives a push of 20 N. (@) what is the magnitide of the resulting acceleration? If the craft starts, from rest, (b) how for will it ravel in 1 day and (c) how fast will itthen bemoving? [33] An elevator cab and its load have 2 combined mass of 1600 kg. Find the tension in the supporting cable when the cab, originally moving downward at 12 ms, is brought to rest with ‘constant acceleration ina distance of 42m. [17] m Fig, let the mass of the block be §.5 kg and the angle be 30°. Find (@) the tsion in the cord and (6) the normal force acting om the block. (c) If the cord is cut, find the magnitude of te resulting acceleration of the block.