IMO Greenhouse Gas Study reported

Greenhouse Gas emission from International

shipping in 2007 is estimated about 870 million
tonnes about 2.7% of global emission of CO2.

United Nation (UN) adopted United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC)
on 9th of May 1992, aiming at stabilizing Greenhouse
Gas (GHG) in atmosphere and preventing harmful
impact of human behaviours of excessive emission of
such gas.
 UNFCC specifies “common but different
responsibilities” to members listed in ANNEX 1
(so called developed countries) and members
not listed in ANNEX 1 (so called developing
countries)
Kyoto Protocol Article 2.2 paragraph 2 specifies:

“The parties included in ANNEX 1 shall

pursue limitation or reduction of emission of
greenhouse gases from aviation and maritime
bunker fuels working through the International
Civil Aviation Organization and the International
Maritime Organization respectively”
 In 2003 IMO Assembly Resolution A.963
urges the Marine Environment Protection
Committee (MEPC) to identify and develop
the mechanism or mechanisms needed to
achieve the limitation or reduction of GHG
emissions from International shipping and, in
doing so, to give priority to:
• The establishment of a GHG emission
baseline.

• The development of a methodology to

describe the GHG efficiency of a ship in
terms of a GHG emission index for that
ship.
• The development of guidelines by which the
GHG emission indexing scheme may be
applied in practice.

• The evaluation of technical, operational and

market-based operations.
The IMO Assembly Resolution A.963 request
the MEPC:

• To consider methodological aspects related

to the reporting of GHG emission from
ships engaged in international transport.

• To develop a work plan with a timetable.

• To keep this matter under review and to
prepare consolidated statements on the
continuing IMO policies and practices
related to the limitation or reduction of GHG
emissions from international shipping.
 To annotate the counter measures to be
taken to save our environment we should have
to consider first the main contributing factor of
our environmental problems, where they come
from, some other factors affecting it, how to
avoid or better say reduce these things and to
what extent could they damage our
environment.
 Many of the environmental problems the
world faces today – including climate change, air
pollution, oil spills, and acid rain – result from our
dependence on fossil fuels. The burning of fossil
fuels produces heat-trapping gases that are the
main cause of the ongoing rise in global
atmospheric temperatures.
 Despite a growing list of global
warming indicators, underscored by the
alarmingly rapid recession of Arctic sea ice,
opportunistic oil companies continue to
exploit the ever increasing human need for
energy consumption and are constantly on the
lookout for untapped oil and gas sources.
 From the film Earth 2100 it is said that
another alternative source of energy that
could also be used to produce large quantity
of electricity is Coal ,but the question is what
are the environmental effects of coal?
 Coal is more potent than any other
fossil fuels, coal causes asthma and other
health problems, destroys the environment,
and releases toxic mercury into
communities. Because of its high carbon
content, coal emits more CO2 than any
other fossil fuel when its burns.
 It is also the main source of fuel for
electricity worldwide and number one
human caused contributor to greenhouse gas
emissions in the atmosphere. Coal-fired
power plants represent one of the largest
sources of greenhouse gases.
 The film Earth 2100 enumerated some
counter measures to build better environment
in the future. The primary aim of the measures
is to reduce greenhouse gases emissions.
• Transform the way we use the energy, i.e
reduction of fossil fuel consumption by
simply doing these things:

Using a compact fluorescent bulbs

Creating more mass transit for people
Insulating homes
Using smaller cars
• Aside from the mentioned activities, there is
one more thing that could be done by
Governments and Industries to largely reduce
greenhouse gases emissions and to restore our
environment. That is by coming up with more
environmental friendly use of energy by using
new technologies utilizing renewable
resources which includes solar, wind, hydro,
tidal and wave, geothermal, ocean thermal,
biomass, biofuel and hydrogen. These energy
can be used instead of burning fossil fuel.
• Incinerators to comply with MEPC.76 (40) &
Appendix IV for ships constructed/incinerator
installed after 1 January 2000 (Reg. 16.6.1)

• Prohibits incineration of (Reg.16.2):

MARPOL Annex I, II & III cargoes,
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), garbage
containing heavy metals, refined petroleum
products containing halogens, sewage and
sludge oil not generated on board, exhaust
gas cleaning system residues.
• Permits incineration of:

PVC – plastics (where type approved to do

so) (Reg.16.3)

Sewage sludge and sludge oil permitted in

boilers but not when in ports, harbours and
estuaries (Reg.16.)
• Incinerators installed before 24 May 2005 on
domestic shipping can be excluded by the
Administration (Reg. 16.6.2)

• Operating manual, training, and temperature

control (Reg. 16.7 - 16.9)
• Parties obliged to provide facilities without
causing delay for:

Reception of ODS in ship repair yards

(Reg.17.1.1)

Reception of Exhaust Gas Cleaning

System residues (Reg.17.1.2)
• Reception of ODS in ship breaking facilities
(Reg.17.1.3)

• If unable to provide reception facilities then

Party shall inform IMO (Reg.17.2 & 17.3)
 Fuel Oil Availability

• Parties to promote availability of compliant fuel

oils and inform IMO (Reg.18.1)
• Ship found not to be in compliance (Reg.18.2.1)
Record of actions taken to achieve
compliance
Need to demonstrate “best efforts” to
obtain compliant fuel
• Ship should not be required to deviate or delay
unduly the voyage in order to achieve
compliance (Reg.18.2.2)

• Party required to take into account all

relevant circumstances to determine action
(Reg.18.2.3)
• Ship required to notify Administration and
port of destination when unable to purchase
compliant fuel (Reg.18.2.4)

• Party to notify when ship presents evidence

of non - availability (Reg.18.2.5)
 FUEL OIL QUALITY

• Required properties of fuel oil identified

(Reg.18.3)

• Excludes coal, nuclear and gas fuels from

some of the provisions (Reg. 18.4)
• When receiving fuel oil ships of 400 gross
tonnage and above are required to receive a
bunker delivery note (BDN) containing
information in Appendix V (Reg. 18.5)
• BDN required to be retained for 3 three
years and be available for inspection (Reg.
18.6)
• Inspection and verification by PSC (Reg.18.7.1
& Reg.18.7.2)
• BDN accompanied by representative sample
taken in accordance with MEPC.96(47) which
is retained under the ship’s control for 12
months (Reg.18.8.1)
• Verification of bunker sample to be done in
accordance with Appendix VI (Reg.18.8.2)
 BUNKER DELIVERY NOTE
• Bunker supplier must provide a Bunker
Delivery Note (BDN).
• BDN to be retained for 3 years.
• BDN to include:
Name and IMO number of receiving ship
Port and Date of commencement of
delivery
 Name, address and telephone number of
fuel supplier
Product name and Quantity
Density
Sulphur content (actual)
Declaration signed by supplier that
the fuel oil conforms with Annex VI
 FUEL OIL SAMPLE

• Representative sample to be provided by

the bunker supplier
• Sample to be sealed and signed by the
supplier’s representative and the master or
officer in charge of the bunker operation
• Sample to be kept on board until the fuel oil
is substantially consumed but in any case
for not less than 1 year from time of delivery

• National Authorities to regulate suppliers

to ensure their responsibilities for
compliance
LOCAL SUPPLIERS OF FUEL OIL:
Parties are required to:
maintain a register of local suppliers of
fuel oil (Reg.18.9.1)
require local suppliers of fuel oil to provide
a certified BDN and sample (Reg.18.9.2),
and retain a copy of the BDN for 3 years
(Reg.18.9.3)
take action against local suppliers of fuel oil
(Reg.18.9.4)
inform the Administration of a ship when
the ship is found to be non-compliant
(Reg.18.9.5)
inform the IMO of all cases of non-compliant
fuel oil being supplied (Reg.18.9.6)
 SUMMARY
• Not to exceed maximum permitted sulphur
content
• Free from inorganic acid

• No added substance harmful to personnel,

ship or machinery, or which contributes to
additional air pollution
• Bunker delivery note, retained for 3 years

• Fuel oil sample, retained for 1 year

• Fuel Oil Availability