Professional Documents
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CH 3 - Financial Statements, Cash Flow
CH 3 - Financial Statements, Cash Flow
3-5
Income statement
2002 2001
Sales 6,034,000 3,432,000
COGS 5,528,000 2,864,000
Other expenses 519,988 358,672
EBITDA (13,988) 209,328
Depr. & Amort. 116,960 18,900
EBIT (130,948) 190,428
Interest Exp. 136,012 43,828
EBT (266,960) 146,600
Taxes (106,784) 58,640
Net income (160,176) 87,960
3-6
Other data
2002 2001
No. of shares 100,000 100,000
EPS -$1.602 $0.88
DPS $0.11 $0.22
Stock price $2.25 $8.50
Lease pmts $40,000 $40,000
3-7
Statement of Retained
Earnings
Shows how much of the firm’s earnings
were retained, rather than paid out as
dividends
A positive number in the retained
earnings account indicates only that in
the past the firm earned some income
3-8
Statement of Retained
Earnings (2002)
Balance of retained
earnings, 12/31/01 $203,768
Add: Net income, 2002 (160,176)
Less: Dividends paid (11,000)
Balance of retained
earnings, 12/31/02 $32,592
3-9
Statement of Cash Flows
Is used to help answer questions such
as:
Is the firm generating enough cash to
purchase the additional assets required for
growth?
Is the firm generating any extra cash that
can be used to repay debt or to invest in
new products?
Such information is useful both for
managers and investors
3-10
Sources of cash Uses of cash
3-11
Statement of Cash Flows
Summarizes the changes in a
company’s cash position
The statement separates activities into
three categories, plus a summary
section:
Operating activities
Investment activities
Financing activities
3-12
Operating activities
Includes:
net income,
depreciation,
changes in current assets and liabilities other
than cash,
short-term investments and
short term debt
3-13
Investing activities
Includes:
investments in fixed assets
or sales of fixed assets
3-14
Financing activities
Includes:
Raising cash by selling short-term investments
or by issuing short-term debt
Long term debt, or stock
Also because both dividends paid and cash
used to buy back outstanding stock or bonds
reduce the company’s cash, such transactions
are included here
3-15
Statement of Cash Flows
(2002)
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income (160,176)
Add (Sources of cash):
Depreciation 116,960
Increase in A/P 378,560
Increase in accruals 353,600
Subtract (Uses of cash):
Increase in A/R (280,960)
Increase in inventories (572,160)
Net cash provided by ops. (164,176)
3-16
Statement of Cash Flows
(2002)
L-T INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Investment in fixed assets (711,950)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Increase in notes payable 436,808
Increase in long-term debt 400,000
Payment of cash dividend (11,000)
Net cash from financing 825,808
NET CHANGE IN CASH (50,318)
Plus: Cash at beginning of year 57,600
Cash at end of year 7,282
3-17
What can you conclude about
D’Leon’s financial condition from
its statement of CFs?
Net cash from operations = -$164,176,
mainly because of negative NI.
The firm borrowed $825,808 to meet
its cash requirements.
Even after borrowing, the cash
account fell by $50,318.
3-18
Modifying Accounting Data for
Managerial Decisions
We have to divide total assets in two
categories
Operating assets – which consist of the
assets necessary to operate the business
Non-operating assets – which would
include cash and short term investments
above the level required for normal
operations, land held for future use
3-19
Operating assets are further
divided into
Operating current assets
Are the current assets that are used to
support operations, such as cash, accounts
receivable, inventory
They do not include short-term investments
Long-term operating assets
Such as plant and equipment
They do not include any long-term investments
that pay interest or dividends
3-20
Operating Current Liabilities
Are the current liabilities that occur as a
natural consequence of operations
Such as accounts payable and accruals
They do not include notes payable or any
other short-term debts that charge interest
3-21
Net operating working capital
Is the difference between operating
current assets and operating current
liabilities
3-22
What effect did the expansion have
on net operating working capital?
NOWC01 = $842,400
3-23
What effect did the expansion have
on operating capital?
Operating capital = total net operating capital = net
operating assets
It is the total amount of capital needed to run the
business
NOPAT01 = $114,257
3-26
What is your assessment of the
expansion’s effect on operations?
2002 2001
Sales $6,034,000 $3,432,000
NOPAT -$78,569 $114,257
NOWC $913,042 $842,400
Operating capital $1,852,832 $1,187,200
Net Income -$160,176 $87,960
3-27
What effect did the expansion have on
net cash flow and operating cash flow?
NCF02 = NI + Dep = ($160,176) + $116,960
= -$43,216
NCF01 = $87,960 + $18,900 = $106,860
3-29
What was the free cash flow
(FCF) for 2002?
FCF = OCF – Gross capital investment
3-30
What was the free cash flow
(FCF) for 2002?
FCF02 = NOPAT – Net investment in oper. capital
= -$78,569 – ($1,852,832 - $1,187,200)
= -$744,201
3-31
Economic Value Added (EVA)
Is an estimate of the value created by
management during the year
It differs substantially from accounting
profit because no charge for the use of
equity capital is reflected in accounting
profit
3-32
Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA = After-tax __ After-tax
Operating Income Capital costs
3-34
EVA Concepts
In order to generate positive EVA, a
firm has to more than just cover
operating costs.
It must also provide a return to those
who have provided the firm with capital.
EVA takes into account the total cost
of capital, which includes the cost of
equity.
3-35
What is the firm’s EVA? Assume the firm’s
after-tax percentage cost of capital was
10% in 2000 and 13% in 2001.
EVA02 = NOPAT – (A-T cost of capital) (Total Net Op. Cap.)
= -$78,569 – (0.13)($1,852,832)
= -$78,569 - $240,868
= -$319,437
3-36
Market Value Added (MVA)
MVA = Market value __ Equity capital
of equity supplied
by shareholders
3-39
Does it appear that D’Leon’s sales
price exceeds its cost per unit sold?
NO, the negative NOPAT and decline
in cash position shows that D’Leon is
spending more on its operations than
it is taking in.
3-40
What if D’Leon’s sales manager decided
to offer 60-day credit terms to customers,
rather than 30-day credit terms?
If competitors match terms, and sales remain
constant …
A/R would
Cash would
3-42
Would D’Leon have required external
capital if they had broken even in 2001
(Net Income = 0)?
3-44
Federal Income Tax System
3-45
Corporate and Personal Taxes
Both have a progressive structure (the higher the
income, the higher the marginal tax rate).
Corporations
Rates begin at 15% and rise to 35% for corporations
Individuals
Rates begin at 10% and rise to 38.6% for individuals
3-46
Tax treatment of various uses
and sources of funds
Interest paid – tax deductible for corporations
(paid out of pre-tax income), but usually not for
individuals (interest on home loans being the
exception).
Interest earned – usually fully taxable (an
exception being interest from a (muni”).
Dividends paid – paid out of after-tax income.
Dividends received – taxed as ordinary income
for individuals (“double taxation”). A portion of
dividends received by corporations is tax
excludable, in order to avoid “triple taxation”.
3-47
More tax issues
Tax Loss Carry-Back and Carry-Forward – since
corporate incomes can fluctuate widely, the tax
code allows firms to carry losses back to offset
profits in previous years or forward to offset
profits in the future.
Capital gains – defined as the profits from the
sale of assets not normally transacted in the
normal course of business, capital gains for
individuals are generally taxed as ordinary
income if held for less than a year, and at the
capital gains rate if held for more than a year.
Corporations face somewhat different rules.
3-48