Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Translasi
BATASAN TRANSKRIPS DAN TRANSLASI
Transkripsi
◦ Adalah sintesis RNA di bawah arahan DNA
◦ Menghasilkan messenger RNA (mRNA) atau RNA
duta
Translasi
◦ Adalah sintesis polipeptida yang terjadi di bawah
arahan mRNA
◦ Terjadi dalam ribosom
Pada Prokariota
◦ Transkripsi dan translasi terjadi bersamaan (translasi
mRNA dimulai saat transkripsi masih berlangsung)
DNA
TRANSCRIPTION
mRNA
Ribosome
TRANSLATION
Polypeptide
TRANSCRIPTION DNA
Pre-mRNA
RNA PROCESSING
mRNA
Ribosome
TRANSLATION
(b) Eukaryotic cell. The nucleus provides a separate
Polypeptide compartment for transcription. The original RNA
transcript, called pre-mRNA, is processed in various
ways before leaving the nucleus as mRNA.
Figure 17.3b
KOMPONEN TRANSKRIPSI
DNA template
Promoter pada DNA template
Nukleotida
RNA Polimerase
1. Inisiasi
2. Elongasi
3. Terminasi
INISIASI (1)
INISIASI
dimulai ketika subunit σ dari holoenzim ARN
polimerase
1 menempel pada promoter.
◦ Inisiasi
Transcription unit
5 3
3 5
DNA
◦ Elongasi
Start point
RNA polymerase 1 Initiation. After RNA polymerase binds to
the promoter, the DNA strands unwind, and
◦ Terminasi
the polymerase initiates RNA synthesis at the
start point on the template strand.
5 3
3 5
Template strand of
Unwound RNA DNA
DNA transcript
2 Elongation. The polymerase moves downstream, unwinding the
DNA and elongating the RNA transcript 5 3 . In the wake of
Rewound transcription, the DNA strands re-form a double helix.
RNA
5 3
3 3 5
5
RNA
transcript
3 Termination. Eventually, the RNA
transcript is released, and the
polymerase detaches from the DNA.
5 3
3 5
5 3
Completed RNA
transcript
Pengikatan RNA Polimerase dan Inisiasi Transkripsi
TRANSCRIPTION DNA
1 Eukaryotic promoters
mRNA
Polypeptide
Promoter
Transcription
factors
Faktor Transkripsi
5 3
3
3 Additional transcription
5
factors
5 3
3 5 5
RNA transcript
RNA
polymerase
T C C A A
A
3
3 end
A uE CG C A
5
T A G G T
T
Direction of transcription
5 Template
(“downstream”)
strand of DNA
Newly made
RNA
Konsep 3: SEL EUKARIOTIK MEMODIFIKASI
RNA SETELAH TRANSKRIPSI
Figure 17.9
BIODAS II Dept. Biologi FST UNAIR
Split Genes dan RNA Splicing
Penyambungan RNA / RNA splicing
◦ Memindahkan intron dan menggabungkan exon
Polypeptide
mRNA 5 Cap Poly-A tail
1 146
3 UTR 3 UTR
Figure 17.10
BIODAS II Dept. Biologi FST UNAIR
Dilakukan oleh spliceosome, yaitu enzim yang berfungsi
untuk memindahkan intron dan menggabungkan exon
Protein
1 Other proteins
snRNA
snRNPs
Spliceosome
2 5
Spliceosome
components
Cut-out
intron
3
mRNA
Figure 17.11 5
Exon 1 Exon 2
BIODAS II Dept. Biologi FST UNAIR
Protein sering memiliki arsitektur modular
◦ Terdiri dari daerah struktural dan fungsional yang
disebut domain
◦ Kode exon akan berbeda untuk domain yang
berbeda pada protein
Gene
DNA
Exon 1 Intron Exon 2 Intron Exon 3
Transcription
RNA processing
Translation
Domain 3
Domain 2
Domain 1
Figure 17.12
Polypeptide
BIODAS II Dept. Biologi FST UNAIR
Konsep 4: TRANSLASI ADALAH SINTESIS
POLIPEPTIDA YANG DIARAHKAN OLEH RNA
mRNA
Ribosome
TRANSLATION
Polypeptide
Amino
Polypeptide acids
tRNA with
amino acid
attached
Ribosome
Gly
tRNA
Anticodon
A A A
U G G U U U G G C
5 Codons 3
Figure 17.13 mRNA
BIODAS II Dept. Biologi FST UNAIR
Struktur dan Funsi RNA Transfer
Molekul tRNA
◦ Tersusun dari untai RNA tunggal yang panjangnya
A
C
hanya
sekitar 80 nukleotida C
3
◦ Berbentuk L Amino acid
attachment site
A
C
C
A 5
C G
G C
C G
U G
U A
A U
U C A U
* C A C AG U A G *
A
G * C U C *
C G U G U * C G A G G
* * U C *
A G G
* G AG C
(a) Two-dimensional structure. The four base-paired regions and three G C Hydrogen
loops are characteristic of all tRNAs, as is the base sequence of the U A bonds
* G
amino acid attachment site at the 3 end. The anticodon triplet is unique A
to each tRNA type. (The asterisks mark bases that have been chemically A * C
modified, a characteristic of tRNA.) * U
A G
A
Hydrogen
bonds
A A G
3 5
Anticodon
Anticodon
(c) Symbol used
in this book
(b) Three-dimensional structure
Figure 17.14b
BIODAS II Dept. Biologi FST UNAIR
Enzim aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
◦ Menggabungkan masing-masing asam amino ke tRNA
yang benar
P P P Adenosine
1 Active site binds the
amino acid and ATP.
ATP
Pyrophosphate P Pi
Pi
Pi
Phosphates
tRNA
3 Appropriate
tRNA covalently
Bonds to amino
Acid, displacing P Adenosine
AMP. AMP
4 Activated amino acid
is released by the enzyme.
Aminoacyl tRNA
(an “activated
Figure 17.15 amino acid”)
mRNA
Ribosome
TRANSLATION
Subunit ribosomal
Polypeptide
Growing
Exit tunnel
polypeptide
dinamakan RNA E
P
A
5
mRNA 3
(a)
Computer model of functioning ribosome. This is a model of a bacterial
ribosome, showing its overall shape. The eukaryotic ribosome is roughly similar. A
ribosomal subunit is an aggregate of ribosomal RNA molecules and proteins.
Figure 17.16a
BIODAS II Dept. Biologi FST UNAIR
Ribosom mempunyai 3 sisi pengikatan
(binding sites) tRNA
◦ Sisi P P site (Peptidyl-tRNA
binding site)
◦ Sisi A A site (Aminoacyl-
tRNA binding site)
◦ Sisi E E site
(Exit site)
Large
subunit
E P A
mRNA
binding site
Small
subunit
(b) Schematic model showing binding sites. A ribosome has an mRNA binding site
and three tRNA binding sites, known as the A, P, and E sites. This schematic
Figure 17.16b ribosome will appear in later diagrams.
tRNA
mRNA 3
Codons
5
(c) Schematic model with mRNA and tRNA. A tRNA fits into a binding site when its anticodon base-pairs
with an mRNA codon. The P site holds the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide. The A site holds
the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. Discharged tRNA leaves via
the E site.
Figure 17.16c
Initiator tRNA
GTP GDP
E A
mRNA
5 3 5 3
Start codon
1 2
A small ribosomal subunit binds to a molecule of The arrival of a large ribosomal subunit completes
mRNA. In a prokaryotic cell, the mRNA binding site the initiation complex. Proteins called initiation
on this subunit recognizes a specific nucleotide factors (not shown) are required to bring all the
sequence on the mRNA just upstream of the start translation components together. GTP provides
codon. An initiator tRNA, with the anticodon UAC, the energy for the assembly. The initiator tRNA is
base-pairs with the start codon, AUG. This tRNA in the P site; the A site is available to the tRNA
carries the amino acid methionine (Met). bearing the next amino acid.
Figure 17.17 BIODAS II Dept. Biologi FST UNAIR
Elongasi Translasi
◦ Asam amino ditambahkan satu per satu ke asam amino
sebelumnya
E E
P A P A
Release
factor
Free
polypeptide
5
3 3
3
5 5
Stop codon
(UAG, UAA, or UGA)
1 When a ribosome reaches a stop 2 The release factor hydrolyzes 3 The two ribosomal subunits
codon on mRNA, the A site of the the bond between the tRNA in and the other components of
ribosome accepts a protein called the P site and the last amino the assembly dissociate.
a release factor instead of tRNA. acid of the polypeptide chain.
The polypeptide is thus freed
from the ribosome.
Figure 17.19
BIODAS II Dept. Biologi FST UNAIR
Poliribosom
Sejumlah ribosom dapat mentranslasi satu molekul
mRNA tunggal secara simultan. Hanya pada sel
prokariota Growing
Completed
polypeptide
polypeptides
Incoming
ribosomal
subunits
Start of End of
mRNA mRNA
(5 end) (3 end)
(a) An mRNA molecule is generally translated simultaneously
by several ribosomes in clusters called polyribosomes.
Ribosomes
mRNA
0.1 µm
(b) This micrograph shows a large polyribosome in a prokaryotic
Figure 17.20a, b cell (TEM).
BIODAS II Dept. Biologi FST UNAIR
Protein Fungsional
Protein dimodifikasi
- untuk membentuk molekul tiga dimensi / folding
(pelipatan)
- Untuk dapat ditranfer ke lokasi yang membutuhkan
1 Polypeptide 2 An SRP binds 3 The SRP binds to a 4 The SRP leaves, and 5 The signal- 6 The rest of
synthesis begins to the signal receptor protein in the ER the polypeptide resumes cleaving the completed
on a free peptide, halting membrane. This receptor growing, meanwhile enzyme polypeptide leaves
ribosome in synthesis is part of a protein complex translocating across the cuts off the the ribosome and
the cytosol. momentarily. (a translocation complex) membrane. (The signal signal peptide. folds into its final
that has a membrane pore peptide stays attached conformation.
and a signal-cleaving enzyme. to the membrane.)
Ribosome
mRNA
Signal
peptide ER
membrane
Signal
Signal-
peptide
recognition Protein
removed
particle
(SRP) SRP
receptor
CYTOSOL protein
Translocation
ERLUMEN
complex
Figure 17.21
Ringkasan transkripsi dan translasi pada sel eukariotik
TRANSCRIPTION DNA
1 RNA is transcribed
from a DNA template.
3
5 RNA RNA
transcript polymerase
RNA PROCESSING Exon
2 In eukaryotes, the
RNA transcript
RNA transcript (pre- (pre-mRNA)
mRNA) is spliced and
Intron
modified to produce
mRNA, which moves Aminoacyl-tRNA
from the nucleus to the synthetase
cytoplasm. NUCLEUS
Amino
FORMATION OF acid
INITIATION COMPLEX AMINO ACID ACTIVATION
CYTOPLASM tRNA
3 After leaving the 4 Each amino acid
nucleus, mRNA attaches attaches to its proper tRNA
to the ribosome. with the help of a specific
enzyme and ATP.
mRNA Growing
polypeptide
Activated
amino acid
Ribosomal
subunits
5
TRANSLATION
5 A succession of tRNAs
E A add their amino acids to
AAA Anticodon the polypeptide chain
as the mRNA is moved
UGGUU UA U G
through the ribosome
one codon at a time.
Codon (When completed, the
polypeptide is released
Ribosome
Figure 17.26 from the ribosome.)