Signal Conditioning Elements

Kuliah Instrumentasi
31 Mei 2017
 Signal Conditioning Elements
1. Deflection bridges
2. Amplifiers
3. A.C. carrier systems
4. Current transmitters
5. Oscillators and resonators
 Signal Conditioning Elements
• This chapter has studied methods of converting the
output of sensing elements into a form suitable for
further processing; this is usually a d.c. voltage, d.c.
current or variable frequency a.c. voltage.
• The chapter began by examining the principles of
bridge circuits, which convert a change in resistance,
capacitance or inductance into a d.c. or a.c. voltage.
• It then went on to study the principles and
characteristics of ideal and practical operational
amplifiers.
 Signal Conditioning Elements
• The third section looked at a.c. carrier systems where
amplitude modulation is used to reject external
interference.
• In the fourth section three types of current
transmitter were studied: closed-loop, openloop and
intelligent; these give a standard 4 to 20 mA output
signal.
• The final section examined oscillators and
resonators, which give a variable frequency signal,
i.e. frequency modulation.
 Deflection bridges
• Deflection bridges are used to convert the
output of resistive, capacitive and inductive
sensors into a voltage signal.
 Equivalent circuit for
a deflection bridge

Calculation of Thévenin equivalent circuit for a deflection bridge

Design of resistive deflection bridges
 Design of reactive deflection bridges

• A reactive bridge has an a.c. supply voltage;

two arms are usually reactive impedances and
two arms resistive impedances.
 AMPLIFIERS
1. The ideal operational amplifier and its applications
a) Ideal operational amplifier characteristics
b) Inverting amplifier
c) Non-inverting amplifier
d) Voltage follower
e) Differential amplifier
f) A.C. Amplifier
g) Voltage adder
2. Limitations of practical operational amplifiers
3. Instrumentation amplifiers
A.C. carrier systems
 Current transmitters
1. Closed-loop transmitters
2. Open-loop transmitters
3. Intelligent or smart transmitters
Closed-loop transmitters

Simplified block diagram

 Open-loop transmitters
• Open-loop differential pressure transmitters
• Open-loop temperature transmitters
 Oscillators and resonators
• Oscillators
• Resonators