Spatial frequencies = Radical variation in = Slowly varying changes gray scale in gray scales zi Raia) High frequency imag Low frequency image "Rough" textured areas of an "smooth" areas with little variation in image, where the changes intone _ tone over several pixels, have low are abrupt over asmall area, have spatial frequencies high spatial frequencies,Spatial frequencies Definit Numbers of changes in the brightness values per unit distance for any particular part of the image Image Composed of 1. High frequency details 2. Low frequency details Low Frequency Details Few changes in brightness value over a given area High Frequency Details Brightness values change dramatically over shor distances— | > zero spatial frequency— a flat image, in which every pixel has the same value > low spatial frequency— an image consisting of a smoothly varying gray scale > highest spatial frequency— an image consisting of a checkerboard of black and white pixels zero spatial frequencySpatial Filtering Spatial Filtering is the process of dividing the image into its constituent spatial frequencies, and selectively altering certain spatial frequencies to emphasize some image features. Process of suppressing (de-emphasizing) certain frequencies & passing (emphasizing) others. This technique increases the analyst's ability to discriminate detail. Local operation i.e. pixel value is modified based on the values surrounding it. used for enhancing certain features removal of noise. Smoothening of image| Where are e the low and high frequencies ? 2Filters = are Algorithms for filtering = Composed of . Window mask /Kernal / Convolution mask and . Constants (Weights given to mask) m Mask size 3x3, 5x5, 7x7, 9Xx9......... ex. Square mask 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Convolution ( Filtering Technique) = Process of evaluating the weighted neighbouring pixel values located in a particular spatial pattern around the i,j, location in input image. The coefficients, c,, in the mask are multiplied by the following individual brightness values (BV) in the input image: c,x BV, ¢:x BV, ¢3x BV; | Mask template= c,x BV, c;x BV; c5x BVs e;7x BV, esx BVg Cox BVg The primary input pixel under investigation at any one time is BV; = BV,;indow mask 010 1414 BV, ou = 932/ 5 = 186 010eer oo Filtering Before Filtering After filtering ee| Filter Types = Low Pass Filters = block high frequency details = has a smoothening effect on images. = Used for removal of noise = Removal of “salt & pepper” noise = Blurring of image especially at edges. = High Pass Filters = Preserves high frequencies and Removes slowly varying components = Emphasizes fine details = Used for edge detection and enhancement = Edges - Locations where transition from one category to other occursHigh Pass Filtering Types a Linear = output brightness value is a function of linear combination of BV’s located in a particular spatial pattern around the i,j location in the input image O Non Linear = use non linear combinations of pixels = Edge Detection - Background is lost m Edge Enhancement = Delineates Edges and makes the shapes and details more prominent = background is not lost.| Laplace Filter (Non Directional) The Lap/acian operator highlights point, line, and edges in the image and suppresses uniform and smoothly varying regions. m Laplace Edge Detectors -1 -1 -1 0-10 -1 8-1 -1 4-1 -1 -1-1 0-10 = Laplace Edge Enhancement filter -1-1 -1 0-10 -1 16 -1 -1 5-1 -1-1 -1 0-10 (12-46) ee, Additional Edge Detector Masks -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -l 2-1 222 -1 2-1 -lo2-1 -1 -1 -1 2-1-1 -l 2-1 Horizontal diagonal vertical > Directional, or edge detection filters are designed to highlight linear features, such as roads or field boundaries. >These filters can also be designed to enhance features which are oriented in specific directions. >These filters are useful in applications such as geology, for the detection of linear geologic structures.Directional Filters Detects/ Enhances edges in specified directions 1 1°41 11 °1 os 10-10--1 1°-2 1 1-201 16-201 1 $21 1-1-1 1-101 161°1 16101 North North east East South 1-101 1-1 -1 1 $1 =-1 111 1-201 1-2 -1 1-2 -1 1-24 11 °1 11°41 1 1 =-1 1-1 -1 South East South West West. North West The Mask name suggest the slope direction of maximum response. Eg. East gradient mask produces a maximum output for horizontal brightness value changes from west to east. —_—_———cd Beat a Original Image Output from Sobel Operator