Indexes & backup

and recovery
SOHAIB QAISAR(14-28)
M SHERAZ GILL(15-58)
 indexes

 Definition
 Explanation
 How index is Work
 Types of Indexes

 Primary index(sequential Files)

 Cluster & Non Cluster Index
 Secondary Index
 Multilevel Index
 B+ Trees
Primary Indexes

 Main File Sorted

 Why Primary indexing is Called Primary Indexing
 Primary Key is sparse Indexing(No Entry)
Primary Indexes(Con’t)

 No of entries in index file = no of blocks in main file

 log2 n +1
Cluster Indexing

 Main File Sorted

 Difference is main file is sort by Non attribute
 Example
Cluster Indexing(Con’t)

 Satisfy Both Sparse and Dense indexing

 log2 n +1
Secondary indexing

 Main file unsorted

 Support dense Indexing
Secondary indexing(Con’t)

 No of entries in index file = no of entries in main file

Multilevel Indexing
B+ Trees
 Best Suited For Range Queries
 Example with Explanation
1,3,6,11,15,21,32,25,18
In this the maximum distance is 3 and minimum is 1

1 1 3 1 3 6 1 3 6 11

Now the elements are 4 then we use split.

 Backup and Recovery

A backup is a safeguard against

unexpected data loss and application
errors.
Backup and Recovery

 A backup is a copy of data. This copy can

include important parts of the database,
such as the control file and data files.
 If you lose the original data, then you can
reconstruct it by using a backup.
Backup and Recovery

 There are two main types of database

backups:
 Full Backup
 Incremental Backup
Backup and Recovery

 Full Backup: A full backup is used to create

a copy of all data of entire database. It
requires a large amount of storage space.
 A database can restored relatively quickly
using a full backup as it requires to simply
copy the backup files.
Backup and Recovery

 Incremental Backup: An Incremental backup

creates a copy of only the data that have
changed since the last backup.
 The Incremental backup only contains
changes made to the database.
 Incremental database requires small amount
of storage space.
Backup and Recovery
Backup Media

 Almost any type of storage can be used

to perform a backup
The most common backup mediums are:
Hard Disk Drive
DVDs
Flash Memory Stick