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Photosynthesisppt
Photosynthesisppt
Photosynthesis
• Anabolic (small molecules combined)
• Endergonic (stores energy)
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) requiring process
that uses light energy (photons) and
water (H2O) to produce organic
macromolecules (glucose).
SUN
photons
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
glucose
2
Question:
Where does
photosynthesis
take place?
3
Plants
• Autotrophs – produce their own food
(glucose)
• Process called photosynthesis
• Mainly occurs in the leaves:
a. stoma - pores
b.mesophyll cells
Mesophyll Chloroplast
Cell Stoma
4
Stomata (stoma)
Pores in a plant’s cuticle through
which water vapor and gases (CO2
& O2) are exchanged between the
plant and the atmosphere.
Oxygen
(O2)
Stoma
Nucleus
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Central Vacuole
Stroma
Outer Membrane Thylakoid Granum
Inner Membrane
Thylakoid Membrane
Thylakoid Space
Granum
Why are
plants
green?
9
Chlorophyll Molecules
• Located in the thylakoid membranes
• Chlorophyll have Mg+ in the center
• Chlorophyll pigments harvest energy
(photons) by absorbing certain
wavelengths (blue-420 nm and red-
660 nm are most important)
• Plants are green because the green
wavelength is reflected, not absorbed.
10
11
Wavelength of Light (nm)
12
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll absorbs blue-violet & red light best
Absorption
15
Redox Reaction
The transfer of one or more
electrons from one reactant to
another
Two types:
1. Oxidation is the loss of e-
2. Reduction is the gain of e-
16
Oxidation Reaction
The loss of electrons from a
substance or the gain of
oxygen.
Oxidation
17
Reduction Reaction
The gain of electrons to a
substance or the loss of
oxygen.
Reduction
18
Question:
Why do cells
use for
energy?
19
Energy for Life on Earth
• Sunlight is the ULTIMATE
energy for all life on Earth
• Plants store energy in the
chemical bonds of sugars
• Chemical energy is released as
ATP during cellular respiration
20
Structure of ATP
• ATP stands for adenosine
triphosphate
• It is composed of the nitrogen base
ADENINE, the pentose (5C) sugar
RIBOSE, and three PHOSPHATE
groups
• The LAST phosphate group is bonded
with a HIGH ENERGY chemical bond
• This bond can be BROKEN to release
ENERGY for CELLS to use
21
Removing a Phosphate from ATP
22
High Energy Phosphate Bond
23
FREE PHOSPHATE can be re-attached to
ADP reforming ATP
Process called Phosphorylation
24
Phosphorylation
25
Parts of
Photosynthesis
26
Two Parts of Photosynthesis
Two reactions make up
photosynthesis:
1.Light Reaction or Light
Dependent Reaction -
Produces energy from solar
power (photons) in the form of
ATP and NADPH.
SUN
27
Two Parts of Photosynthesis
2. Calvin Cycle or Light
Independent Reaction
• Also called Carbon Fixation
or C3 Fixation
• Uses energy (ATP and
NADPH) from light reaction
to make sugar (glucose).
28
Light Reaction (Electron Flow)
• Occurs in the Thylakoid
membranes
• During the light reaction, there
are two possible routes for
electron flow:
A.Cyclic Electron Flow
B. Noncyclic Electron Flow
29
Cyclic Electron Flow
• Occurs in the thylakoid membrane.
• Uses Photosystem I only
• P700 reaction center- chlorophyll a
• Uses Electron Transport Chain
(ETC)
• Generates ATP only
ADP + P ATP
30
Cyclic Electron Flow
Primary e-
SUN Electron
Acceptor
e- e- ATP
produced
Photons by ETC
P700
e-
Accessory
Pigments
Photosystem I
SUN 2e-
2e- P700 NADPH
Photon
ATP
P680 Photon
H2O Photosystem I
• ADP + P ATP
• NADP+ + H NADPH
• Oxygen comes from the splitting
of H2O, not CO2
34
Chemiosmosis
• Powers ATP synthesis
• Takes place across the thylakoid
membrane
• Uses ETC and ATP synthase
(enzyme)
• H+ move down their concentration
gradient through channels of ATP
synthase forming ATP from ADP
35
Chemiosmosis
SUN
H+ H+ (Proton Pumping)
Thylakoid E
PS II T PS I
C
high H+
H+ H+
concentration
H+ H+ H+ H+
Thylakoid
H+ ATP Synthase Space
low H+
ADP + P H+ ATP concentration 36
Calvin Cycle
• Carbon Fixation (light independent
reaction)
• C3 plants (80% of plants on
earth)
• Occurs in the stroma
• Uses ATP and NADPH from light
reaction as energy
• Uses CO2
• To produce glucose: it takes 6
turns and uses 18 ATP and 12
NADPH. 37
Chloroplast
38
Calvin Cycle (C3 fixation)
(36C)
(6C) 6C-C-C-C-C-C
6CO2 (unstable)
6C-C-C 6C-C-C 12PGA
(36C)
6ATP 6ATP
(30C)
6C-C-C-C-C 6NADPH 6NADPH
RuBP
(36C)
6ATP 6C-C-C 6C-C-C 12G3P
C3 (30C) (6C)
glucose C-C-C-C-C-C
39
Glucose
Calvin Cycle
Remember: C3 = Calvin Cycle
C3
Glucose
40
Photorespiration
• Occurs on hot, dry, bright days
• Stomates close
• Fixation of O2 instead of CO2
• Produces 2-C molecules instead of
3-C sugar molecules
• Produces no sugar molecules or no
ATP
41
Photorespiration
Because of photorespiration, plants
have special adaptations to limit
the effect of photorespiration:
1. C4 plants
2. CAM plants
42
C4 Plants
• Hot, moist
environments
• 15% of plants
(grasses, corn,
sugarcane)
• Photosynthesis
occurs in 2 places
• Light reaction -
mesophyll cells
• Calvin cycle - bundle
sheath cells
43
C4 Plants
Malate-4C sugar Malate
C-C-C-C C-C-C-C
Transported CO2
CO2
C3
Vascul
glucose Tissu
C-C-C
PEP ATP
C-C-C
Pyruvic Acid
Vacuole
C-C-C-C C-C-C-C C-C-C-C
CO2 Malate Malate
Malate
CO2
C3
C-C-C
ATP C-C-C glucose
PEP Pyruvic acid 46
Question:
Why do CAM
plants close
their stomata
during the day?
47
Cam plants close
their stomata in
the hottest part
of the day to
conserve water