Dehydration

Crude oil dehydration is the removal of water or

water vapor from crude oil, by separating the oil
from the water, often in a rotating centrifuge.
This process is known as crude oil
dehydration. The aim of crude oil dehydration is
to remove free water from the oil and then to
break the oil emulsions to reduce the remaining
emulsified water .
 Penetration Number

The penetration number, applied to grease, is a

measure of the film characteristics of the
grease. The test consists of dropping a standard
cone into the sample of grease being tested.
Gradations indicate the depth of penetration:
the higher the number, the more fluid the
grease………………………………………………………………..
 Cetane Number
-Cetane number denotes the ignition delay time
(the start of the injection of diesel fuel to the
onset of the auto-ignition).
-The cetane number ranks the fuels; the higher
the cetane number the faster the auto-ignition.
Isooctane has a cetane of 15
-Diesel has a cetane number about 37 – 56.
 Cetane number
-A cetane number rates a diesel fuel’s quality of
ignition.
-A diesel fuel’s Cetane number, however, is actually
a measure of the fuel’s ignition delay; the time
period between the start of the injection of the fuel
and the start of the combustion of the fuel
(commonly known as ignition).
-In general, a higher cetane fuel will have a shorter
ignition delay period than a lower Cetane fuel.
What does a high cetane number
mean to a diesel fuel user?
- Quicker starting.
- Quieter operation with less diesel chatter.
- Improved fuel efficiency
- A reduction of harmful emissions.
-Less wear and tear on the starter and batteries.
-Quicker pumping of protective lubricating
fluids throughout the system
 Carbon residue
-Commonly known as "Concarbon" or "CCR" is a
laboratory test used to provide an indication of the coke
forming tendencies of an oil.
-Quantitatively, the test measures the amount of carbon
residue remaining after the oil's evaporation
and pyrolysis .
-In general, the test is applicable to petroleum products
which are relatively non-volatile, and which decompose
on distillation at atmospheric pressure.
-The phrase "carbon residue" and its common names can
refer to either the test or the numerical value obtained
from it.
 Octane number
-Octane number indicates the tendency of fuels
to knock.
-The higher the octane number the more
difficult the auto-ignition.
– iso-octane (C8H18) has a octane number 100.
– Gasoline has a octane number 93 – 97.
-Octane number of fuels can be improved by
addition of oxygenates such as TEL, MTBE or
TAME
- Octane number of fractions without additives is
usually referred to as clear octane number.
- Two commonly used octane numbers are research
octane number (RON) and motor octane number
(MON). RON is measured under low speed
condition by ASTM D908 while the MON is
measured under high speed condition by ASTM D
357 test method. The difference between RON and
MON is called sensitivity and fuels with lower
sensitivity are desirable