CFP Santa Cruz 2015 Final Mandolini

SUSTANAIBLE PILING
ENGINEERING
Prof. Ing. Alessandro Mandolini, Ph.D.
SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable development consists of balancing local and global

efforts to meet basic human needs (social, economic) without
destroying or degrading the natural environment.
Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

2
Alessandro Mandolini – Sustainable Piling Engineering
SUSTAINABILITY FOR FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
It contributes to social growth by means of cost-effective and

environmentally-friendly foundation system for different
structures and infrastructures.

3
SUSTAINABILITY FOR FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
It contributes to social growth by means of cost-effective and

environmentally-friendly foundation system for different
structures and infrastructures.
When dealing with pile foundations, the more suitable foundation

system is that where piles are:
- EFFECTIVE
- PRACTICAL
- ECONOMIC

4
REQUIREMENTS FOR A GOOD PILE DESIGN
Effective, Practical, Economic
Piles must carry the loads that the supported structure imparts
to them, together with any additional forces that may result from
deformations of the soil mass in which they are embedded.
Piles must also be sound, durable and free from significant

defects.
Their design must recognize fully the properties of the ground and
the implications of groundwater movements so that deformations
or settlements will not cause unacceptable strains in the
supported or adjacent structures.

5
Piles must be of a type that will permit access for piling

equipment to the locations where they are required.
The design must recognize the limits of what is possible in current

practice with regard to the equipment available.
The method of construction must recognize and seek to minimize

difficulties related to ground conditions that could impede proper
construction.

6
Design should maximize the bearing capacity of each pile while

at the same time providing for an adequate margin of safety
against failure or excessive deformation of either individual piles
or pile groups.
The materials of the pile need also to be reasonably stressed and

not used wastefully.

7
EXAMPLE OF UNECONOMIC PILES
Schmertmann & Hayes (1997)

8
Underestimated ultimate load

values lead to higher overall
costs for the foundation ......

9
...... as well as wasted energy

for piling equipment
(not environmentally-friendly).

10

against failure or excessive displacement of either individual piles
or pile groups.


11

or pile groups.

“Maximize” has not to be intended as “the maximum possible

bearing capacity” but as “the bearing capacity needed for a given
project with a minimum cost”.
At the same time, the settlement should not be as low as possible
but simply smaller than some acceptable value.

12

or pile groups.

“bearing capacity”  RESISTANCE
“displacement”  STIFFNESS

13
SUGGESTIONS BY THEORY
Axial soil-pile resistance, Rlim
Rlim
R s ,lim  qs ,lim  2    ro  L
R b ,lim  qb ,lim    ro2

qs,lim
R lim  R s ,lim  R b ,lim
Vp  L    ro2  Wp   p  L    ro2
R lim  1   L 
  q
  b ,lim  2   qs ,lim 
qb,lim Wp   L
 p   ro 
Specific pile capacity = pile capacity per unit pile weight

14
Axial soil-pile resistance, Rlim
Rlim
R lim  1   L 
  q
  b ,lim  2   qs ,lim 
Wp   p  L   ro 
qs,lim
It can be shown that the ratio Rlim/Vp attains a

maximum when L/ro  0 or .
It implies that longer and/or slender piles are

qb,lim more effective in terms of specific capacity.

15
Axial soil-pile stiffness, K = Q/w

16
Axial soil-pile stiffness, K = Q/w Randolph & Wroth (1978); Fleming et al. (1992)
2 2     tanh  L  L
  
Q

1       L d
w  d  GL 1  8 tanh  L  L
 
    1       L d
Ratio of underream:   db d
Soil stiffness ratio at pile base:   GL Gb
Degree of soil stiffness homogeneity:   G GL
Pile-soil relative stiffness:   Ep GL
Radius of influence of pile: rm  0.25  2.5    1     0.25    L
Measure of radius of influence of pile:   ln2  rm d
Measure of pile compressibility:   L  2  2   L   L d
17
Q/(wdGL)
Qb/Q
L/d L/d
There are combinations of slenderness ratio (L/d) and stiffness

ratio () beyond which very little load is transmitted to the pile
base.
Further increase in pile length yields no corresponding increase in
the load settlement ratio of the pile.
18
Q/(wdGL)
Qb/Q
L/d L/d
A critical pile length Lc (or a critical slenderness ratio Lc/d) exists

beyond which extending pile is useless in practice if settlement
has to be reduced.
Lc
 1.25  
d
19
Q/(wdGL)
Qb/Q
L/d L/d
Ep  30000 MPa L c Qb
   1 ,25    40   5%
GL  30 MPa  d Q

20
VALIDATION BY EXPERIMENTS
Non Displacement pile: CFA type (L = 24 m; d = 0,60 m)
3.0
Mandolini et al. (2002)
load [MN]
2.0
1.0
0.0
0 20 40 60 80
settlement, w [mm]

21
Rlim = 3,2 MN
3.0
load [MN]
2.0
Q = 1,2 MN
1.0 FS = 2.7
wlim = 10% d = 60 mm
0.0
0 20 40 60 80
settlement, w [mm]

22
Rlim = 3,2 MN
3.0
load [MN]
2.0
Q = 1,2 MN
1.0 FS = 2.7
wlim = 10% d = 60 mm
0.0
0 20 40 60 80
settlement, w [mm]
axial load, N [MN]
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
0
Ep  26500 MPa L c
  1,25    32  L c  19 m
10
depth, z [m]
FS = 2,7 GL  40 MPa d

15
20 Lc
25
Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 2015

23
Rlim = 3,2 MN
3.0
load [MN]
2.0
Q = 1,2 MN
1.0 FS = 2.7
wlim = 10% d = 60 mm
0.0
0 20 40 60 80
settlement, w [mm]
axial load, N [MN] axial load, N [MN]
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
0 0
5 5
10
depth, z [m]
depth, z [m]
10
FS = 2,7 FS = 1
15 15
20 Lc 20
Rs,lim
25 25
Rb,lim
24
REMARKS
CONFLICTING NEEDS
Longer and/or slender piles
R lim  1   L 
    qb ,lim  2   qs ,lim  more effective in terms of
Wp   L
 p   ro  specific capacity.
2 2     tanh  L  L
   Shorter and/or stubby piles
Q

1       L d more effective in terms of
w  d  GL 1  8 tanh  L  L load-settlement ratio.
 
    1       L d

25
REMARKS
Fulfilling the opposite needs

becomes more and more
complicated if installation
effects are considered.

26
WORLD PILE MARKET
It offers a great number of pile types, forcing engineers to be
continuously updated about new available technologies.

27
WORLD PILE MARKET
It offers a great number of pile types, forcing engineers to be
continuously updated about new available technologies.
“SOME” PILE TYPE (source www.geoforum.com)

Alpha Pile, Atlas Pile, Bade System, Benoto System, Brechtl System, Button-
bottom Pile, Casagrande System, Compressol Pile, Continuous Flight Auger (CFA)
System, Daido SS Pile, Delta Pile, Drill-and-drive Pile, Franki Composite Pile,
Franki Excavated Pile, Franki Pile, Franki Pile with casing top driven, Franki VB
Pfahl, Fundex Pile, Held-Franke System, Hochstrasser-Weise System, Hollow
precast concrete pile with timber/steel core, Icos Veder System, Jointed Concrete
Pile, Lacor Pile, Large diameter bored pile, Lind-Calweld Pile, Lorenz Pile, Mast
System, Millgard Shell Pile, Mini pile, Monierbau Pile, Multiton Pile, MV-pile,
Omega Pile, Pieux Choc, Precast Concrete Pile, Precast Reinforced Concrete Pile,
Pressodrill, Prestcore, Prestressed Concrete Pile, Raymond Pile, Rolba Pile, Sheet
Pile, Simplex System, Small diameter bored pile, Soilex System, Starsol Pile, Steel
Box Pile, Steel pile, Steel Tube Pile, Steel-concrete (SC) Composite Pile, Steel-H
Pile, SVB Pile, SVV Pile, Timber Pile, Tubex Pile, Westpile Shell Pile, Vibrex Cast-
In-Situ Pile, Wolfholz System, X-pile, Zeissl System, …………

28
WORLD PILE MARKET
PILE CLASSIFICATION
Modified from Fleming et al., 2009

29
WORLD PILE MARKET
PILE CLASSIFICATION
Modified from Fleming et al., 2009

30
WORLD PILE MARKET
PILE CLASSIFICATION
Soil is laterally displaced Soil is removed and

during the insertion of pile, substituted by the pile,
increasing total stress into decreasing (at the best,
the surrounding soil leaving practically
unchanged) total stress into
the surrounding soil

31
WORLD PILE MARKET
PILE CLASSIFICATION
SANDY OR
GRAVELLY SOILS
(drained response)
DP tends to exhibit much greater resistance than NDP due

to the improvements into the surrounding soil (greater
effective stresses  lower porosity and greater strength)

32
WORLD PILE MARKET
PILE CLASSIFICATION
CLAYEY AND
SILTY SOILS
(undrained response)
DP and NDP tends to exhibit comparable resistance due to

limited changes in effective stresses and constant porosity
condition

33
LITERATURE REVIEW: SHAFT RESISTANCE
-method
qs,lim = v
Poulos et al. (2001)
Some “distilled”
suggestions!!!!
-method: qs,lim = cu

34
-method
400%
 = 0.5k0v for ND piles in sand
 = 2.0k0v for D piles in sand

35
-method
400%
 = 0.5k0v for ND piles in sand
 = 2.0k0v for D piles in sand
-method
D/ND = 1.4 piles in clay 40%

36
LITERATURE REVIEW: BASE RESISTANCE
Lee and Salgado, 1999: piles in sand
Test data:
qb,lim(D) = (2.43.0)qb,lim(ND) at w = 5%d
qb,lim(D) = (1.61.8)qb,lim(ND) at w = 10%d 160300%

37
LITERATURE REVIEW: BASE RESISTANCE
Test data:
qb,lim(D) = (2.43.0)qb,lim(ND) at w = 5%d
qb,lim(D) = (1.61.8)qb,lim(ND) at w = 10%d 160300%
Any piles in fine grained soils: qb,lim = 9cu + vL

38
REMARKS
DP installed in coarse grained soils

(gravel/sand) are expected to have greater axial
resistance than NDP due to positive effects both
at the pile shaft and at the pile base.
Independently from the installation method,

piles embedded in fine grained soils (clay/silt)
are expected to have similar axial resistance.

39
REMARKS
DP installed in coarse grained soils

(gravel/sand) are expected to have greater axial
resistance than NDP due to positive effects both
at the pile shaft and at the pile base.
MORE ATTENTION ON PILE TECHNOLOGY
Independently from the installation method,

piles embedded in fine grained soils (clay/silt)
are expected to have similar axial resistance.
MORE ATTENTION TO SOIL PROPERTIES

40
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE COLLECTED IN ITALY
VESUVIO
BAY OF NAPLES
Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 2015

41
CENTRO DIREZIONALE DI NAPOLI
VESUVIO
BAY OF NAPLES
145 load tests on different piles installed in

rather uniform subsoil conditions (SANDY SOILS)

42
VESUVIO
BAY OF NAPLES
20 load tests at failure (w  10%d) on trial piles

125 load tests on production piles

43
20 load tests to failure on trial cast in situ piles (Mandolini et al., 2005)
Non Displacement type:

- bored (dry, bentonite, temporary steel casing) d = 0.35  2.00 m
- CFA L = 9.5  42.0 m
Displacement type: L/d = 16  61
- Franki

44

- CFA L = 9.5  42.0 m
- Franki
Pile type (Rlim/Wp)av COV(Rlim/Wp)
ND – Bored 12,1 (1) 0,26
Rlim as measured at w = 10%d

45

- CFA L = 9.5  42.0 m
- Franki
ND – Bored 12,1 (1) 0,26
ND – CFA 37,5 ( 3) 0,25

46

- CFA L = 9.5  42.0 m
- Franki
ND – Bored 12,1 (1) 0,26
ND – CFA 37,5 ( 3) 0,25
D - Franki 73,1 ( 6) 0,08

47
REMARKS
The method of installation

strongly affects pile response to
axial loading at failure due to
remarkable changes induced into
a thin soil volume close to the pile
In the quoted example, till to 6 times on the average !!

48
REMARKS
The method of installation

strongly affects pile response to
axial loading at failure due to
remarkable changes induced into
a thin soil volume close to the pile
IS IT STILL VALID FOR

AXIAL PILE STIFFNESS ?

49
VESUVIO
BAY OF NAPLES
20 load tests at failure (w  10%d) on trial piles

125 load tests on production piles

50
125 proof load tests on production cast in situ piles (Mandolini et al., 2005)

- bored (dry, bentonite, temporary steel casing)
- CFA
Displacement type:
- Screw
-Franki

51

- CFA
Displacement type:
- Screw
-Franki
The experimentally determined axial soil-pile stiffness K = Q/w

under working load was compared with that of an equivalent
column having a structural axial stiffness Kc = (EpAp)/Lc.
Critical length Lc was chosen in order to compare the stiffness of

the column with that of a pile having only that reduced length
over which it is transferring the applied load to the surrounding
soil.

52
2,0
1,5
K / KC
- bored (dry, bentonite, temporary steel
1,0casing)
- CFA
0,5
Displacement type:
- Screw 0,0
-Franki
DRIVEN
DRIVEN
BORED
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
Data grouped within homogeneous geotechnical area
2,0 80
COV(K / KC) [%]

1,5 60
K / KC
1,0 40
0,5 20
0,0 0
DRIVEN
DRIVEN
BORED
DRIVEN
DRIVEN
BORED
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
80 Alessandro Mandolini – Sustainable Piling Engineering
53
2,0
1,5
K / KC
- bored (dry, bentonite, temporary steel
1,0casing)
- CFA
0,5
Displacement type:
- Screw 0,0
-Franki
DRIVEN
DRIVEN
BORED
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
Data grouped within homogeneous geotechnical area
2,0 80
COV(K / KC) [%]

1,5 60
1,4
K / KC
1,0 40
35%
0,5 20
0,0 0
DRIVEN
DRIVEN
BORED
DRIVEN
DRIVEN
BORED
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
CFA
80 Alessandro Mandolini – Sustainable Piling Engineering
54

- CFA
Displacement type:
- Screw
-Franki
Pile type (Q/w)av COV(Q/w)
ND – Bored 1,46 (1) 0,28
ND – CFA 1,44 ( 1) 0,46
D – Screw, Franki 1,29 ( 0.9) 0,42
Q/w measured at working load

55
REMARKS
The method of installation strongly affects pile

response to axial loading at failure due to
remarkable changes induced into a thin soil
volume close to the pile


56
REMARKS
The method of installation strongly affects pile

response to axial loading at failure due to
remarkable changes induced into a thin soil
volume close to the pile

AT MUCH LESSER EXTENT

More details, also substantiated by theory, are given in Mandolini et al. (2005)

57
A QUESTION
HOW TO GET THE BEST FOR A

GIVEN COMBINATION OF
PILE AND SOIL TYPE ?

58
A QUESTION

Two examples: CFA and FDP

59
CFA PILES – RESEARCH IN ITALY
SUN won a national competition for a research funding by Italian Government

(about 900.000 €)
Piling Contractor Partner: Società Italiana Fondazioni S.p.A.
4 experimental sites (n.c. and o.c clayey; loose and dense sandy soils)
For each experimental site: detailed geotechnical

investigations
5 load tests at failure on fully

instrumented trial piles installed
with a different set of installation
parameters
different concrete mix

60
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS: POGGIOMARINO SITE
Results of loading tests on two identical CFA piles (L = 24 m; d = 0,8 m) installed

by the same piling contractor with the same operator in the same subsoil at less
than 5 m ( 6d) distance V [ m /h ]
q [M Pa] c
 [ r .p .m .] P
GWL
250
500
10
20
30
10
20
0
0
Top soil 0
10
de pth [m ]
Alluvial
Soils
20
Base
formation 30
q c [M Pa]  [ r .p .m .] V P [ m /h ]
250
500
10
20
30
10
20
0
0
0
10
de pth [m ]
Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015 20 61


than 5 m ( 6d) distance
5.30 MN
5,0 5,0
w > 10%d  failure
total load
4,0 4,0 3.94 MN shaft load
4.08 MN
load [MN]
load [MN]
base load
3,0 3,0
2.81 MN
2,0 2,0
1.55 MN1,0 1.36 MN

1,0
w << 10%d  no failure
0,0 0,0
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
settlement, w [mm] settlement, w [mm]

62

than 5 m ( 6d) distance
5.30 MN
5,0 5,0
? ?
total load
4.08 MN
load [MN]
load [MN]
base load
3,0 3,0
2.81 MN
2,0 2,0
1.55 MN1,0 1.36 MN

1,0
w << 10%d  no failure
0,0 0,0
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
settlement, w [mm] settlement, w [mm]

63
30
q c [M Pa]  q[ cr .p
[ M.m
P a.]] qVc P[[M
[ mP/h
r .p a
.m]] .]  [Vr P.p[.m
m /h
.] ] V P [ m /h ] q c [M Pa]
250
500
250
500
250
500
10
20
30
10
20
30
10
20
10
20
30
10
20
10
20
30
10
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0
10
de pth [m ]
10 10
de pth [m ]
20 de pth [m ] 20 20
30 30 30
5.30 MN
5,0 5,0
V P [ m /h ] V P [ m /h ] total load
q c [M Pa]  q[ rc .p
[ M.mP a
.]]  [ r .p .m .] q c [M Pa]
4.08 MN
250
500
250
500
10
20
30
10
20
30
10
20
10
20
30
10
20
load [MN]
load [MN]
0
base load
0
00
0
0
3,0 3,0 0
0 2.81 MN
2,0 2,0
1.55 MN1,0 1.36 MN

1,0 10
de pth [m ]
10 w << 10%d  no failure
de pth [m ]
0,0 0,0
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
20 settlement, w [mm] settlement, w [mm] 20

3Alessandro 30 64
0 Mandolini – Sustainable Piling Engineering
PENETRATION STAGE
Rate of penetration, vP
Rate of revolution, ωP
Viggiani (1989, 1993)

Concrete
Pump
Kinematic analysis: in order not to

decompress surrounding soils:
VP > VP,CR = P[1-(d0/dN)2]
 = pitch of the screw

d0 = outer diameter of the central hollow 65
stem
dN = overall diameter of the auger

65
“net” compressed
soil:
vP >  x 
“net”
decompressed soil:
Concrete
vP <  x 
Pump

66
30
q c [M Pa]  q[ cr .p
[ M.m
P a.]] qVc P[[M
[ mP/h
r .p a
.m]] .]  [Vr P.p[.m
m /h
.] ] V P [ m /h ]
Compensation along the entire pile shaft

250
500
250
500
250
500
10
20
30
10
20
10
20
30
10
20
10
20
30
10
20
0
0
0
0
0
and decompression at the pile base

0 0
along the entire
and at the pile base
10 10
de pth [m ]
20 de pth [m ] 20
30 30
Decompression
5.30 MN
5,0 5,0
pile shaft
V P [ m /h ] V P [ m /h ] total load
q c [M Pa]  q[ rc .p
[ M.mP a
.]]  [ r .p .m .]
4.08 MN
250
500
250
500
10
20
30
10
20
10
20
30
10
20
load [MN]
load [MN]
base load
0
00
0
0
3,0 3,0
0 2.81 MN
2,0 2,0
1.55 MN1,0 1.36 MN

1,0
10 w << 10%d  no failure
de pth [m ]
0,0 0,0
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
20 settlement, w [mm] settlement, w [mm]

3Alessandro 67
0 Mandolini – Sustainable Piling Engineering
qs,lim = s  qc,s
qb,lim = b  qc,b
s = 0,026 x (VP/VP,CR) + 0,004 b = 0,115 x (VP/VP,CR) + 0,153
0.04 0.25
S B
+40%
0.03 0.20
+50%
0.02 0.15
0.0 1.0 V /V 2.0 0.0 1.0 V /V 2.0
P P,CR P P,CR

68
0.25
qs,lim = s  qc,s
qb,lim = b  qc,b B
b = 0,115 x (VP/VP,CR) + 0,153 0.20
0.15
0.0 1.0 V /V 2.0
P P,CR

69
Velocity index, IV = VP / VP,crit
Low values for IV determine a High values for IV determine a

net effect of soil decompression, net effect of soil compression,
thus CFA piles badly installed. thus CFA piles conveniently
installed.
It has to be expected, under It has to be expected, under

other same conditions, low shaft other same conditions, high
and base resistances shaft and base resistances
“ND pile” “D pile”

70
WORLD PILE MARKET (Source DFI, 2006)
CATEGORY TYPE PERCENTAGE TOTAL

SCREW 7
DP PREFABRICATED 33 51
DRIVEN CAST IN PLACE 11
BORED 26
NDP 49
CFA 23
Remarkable differences
countries by countries

71

SCREW 7
BORED 26
NDP 49
CFA 23
ITALIAN PILE MARKET non displ. piles

100 Trevisani, 1992
auger piles
displ. piles
80 “In the next future, auger
% of pile type
60 piles will probably gain the

market against the smaller
 30%
40 size (d = 80120 cm) of the
20 large diameter bored piles”
0
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

72

SCREW 7
BORED 26
NDP 49
CFA 23
ITALIAN PILE MARKET non displ. piles

100 Trevisani, 1992 Mandolini, 2004 100
auger piles
80 displ. piles 80
% of pile type
 55%
60 60
40  30% 40
20 20
0 0
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

73
REPERCUSSION IN OTHER PILE MARKET
PREFACE:
“CFA piles have been used in the U.S.

commercial market but have not been
used frequently for support of
transportation structures in the United
States. This underutilization of a viable
technology is a result of perceived
difficulties in quality control, and the
difficulties associated with incorporating
a rapidly developing (and often
proprietary) technology into the
traditional, prescriptive design-bid-build
concept……”
Report n. FHWA-HIF-07-03

74
+40%
+50%

75
Report n. FHWA-HIF-07-03

76
PREFACE:
“CFA piles have been used in the U.S.

commercial market but have not been
used frequently for support of
transportation structures in the United
States. This underutilization of a viable
technology is a result of perceived
difficulties in quality control, and the
difficulties associated with incorporating
a rapidly developing (and often
proprietary) technology into the
traditional, prescriptive design-bid-build
concept.
Recent advances in automated
Report n. FHWA-HIF-07-03 monitoring and recording devices will
alleviate concerns of quality control, as
well as provide an essential tool for a
performance-based contracting process.”

77
A QUESTION

Two examples: CFA and FDP

78

SCREW 7
BORED 26
NDP 49
CFA 23
FUNDEX OMEGA DISCREPILE FDP
Remarkable differences countries by countries

79

SCREW 7
BORED 26
NDP 49
CFA 23

Increasingly used in European (for instance,
Belgium over 60%) and Asian market
80

SCREW 7
BORED 26
NDP 49
CFA 23

vibration and noise free; no soil support;
no soil removal  no dumping
81

SCREW 7
BORED 26
NDP 49
CFA 23

MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY

82

SCREW 7
BORED 26
NDP 49
CFA 23

Lehane B. (2005): “It is only a matter of time before they
will dominate the market of medium scale bored piles”
83
FDP - RESEARCH IN ITALY
Valentino F (2014).
Analysis of installation and loading process for displacement piles by Discrete Element
Model
Ph.D. Thesis, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli.
Reseaarch Agreement between:
- SUN (Second University of Naples)

- ICOTEKNE S.p.A. (Piling Contractor)
- BAUER – ITALIA (Piling Equipment)
Particle Flow
Code 3D v. 3.00
Itasca

84
Jacked and Screw piles L = 8,45 m; D = 0,60 m
Horizontal stress changes at the end of insertion h,INS/h0
Compaction
Stabilisation
Compaction
Perforation
JACKED BAUER FDP

85
Jacked pile L = 8,45 m; D = 0,60 m
Horizontal stress changes:

- at the end of insertion (INS)
- after removal of jacking load, i.e. End Of Construction (EOC)
- after loading (L) at w = 10%D
loose medium dense

86
Lesson learned from experiments and theoretical studies about D-

pile (jacked). On the overall:
 in medium to dense sand, the soil changes occurred during

the construction envisage the amount of available skin
friction during subsequent loading.
loose medium dense

87

pile (jacked). On the overall,
 in loose sand, the increase of h during the pile insertion over
most of the pile length ......
loose medium dense

88

 ...... then reduces to values smaller than geostatic ......
loose medium dense

89

 ...... and partially recovered during loading stage, often

resulting in values which are close to geostatic (no significant
advantages vs ND-pile in terms of shaft capacity)
loose medium dense

90
Installation energy for jacked and screw piles
F v  T
E (Van Impe 1994)
Ab  v
F  v F
Jacked ( = 0): E 
Ab  v  Ab
F  v  T   F  v  T  
Screw FDP: E 
Ab  v  A  v b

91
Specific Installation Energy (E/Qlim)
7.0
6.0 jacked
E / Qlim (kNm/m3 / kN)
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
Infisso
1.0
FDP
0.0
0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46
porosity,
n (-) n (-)
For looser sandy soils (n), jacked piles are less effective (E/Qlim )

92
Specific Installation Energy (E/Qlim)
7.0
6.0 jacked
E / Qlim (kNm/m3 / kN)
5.0
4.0
3.0
screw FDP
2.0
Infisso
1.0
FDP
0.0
0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46
porosity,
n (-) n (-)
For looser sandy soils (n), jacked piles are less effective (E/Qlim )
The contrary is true for screw FDP (E/Qlim)

93
REMARKS
Theoretical studies like those here presented can

greatly help piling industry in conceiving more
convenient installation procedure and design methods
(i.e., CFA piles) as well as more productive piling
equipment.

94
REMARKS
Theoretical studies like those here presented can

greatly help piling industry in conceiving more
convenient installation procedure and design methods
(i.e., CFA piles) as well as more productive piling
equipment.
Moreover, different shape and size of perforation tools

can be “explored” in advance instead of relying on trial
and error site procedure often managed by site
engineers (and not specialists) to solve a specific
problem on a specific type (not exportable
experience).

95
CONCLUDING REMARKS #1


96

Scientific approaches to pile design have advanced enormously in

recent decades.

97


recent decades.
Significant improvements have been made in identifying the

mechanisms developing at soil-pile interface either during the
installation or during loading, allowing for selection of the pile also
on the basis of specific energy consumption  economic,
environmentally-friendly.

98


recent decades.
Significant improvements have been made in identifying the

mechanisms developing at soil-pile interface either during the
installation or during loading, allowing for selection of the pile also
on the basis of specific energy consumption  economic,
environmentally-friendly.
Design of piled foundation based on stiffness consideration is more

reliable because much less affected by technological and site-
construction aspects.

99

When favorable circumstances occur, the number of piles needed to

guarantee satisfactory response of the overall foundation system
significantly reduces (piled raft concept)  economic.

100


Less piles, strategically located beneath raft (3070% less)  even

more economic and environmentally-friendly design.

101


Less piles, strategically located beneath raft (3070% less)  even

more economic and environmentally-friendly design.
If properly selected, piles can ensure high specific capacities (pile

resistance/pile weight); a trend is observed where displacement
(screw) piles are gaining market due to high specific capacities and
low impact on environment.

102

Piles can also play an “active” role in reducing seismic demand or

producing energy satisfy needs  social, economic, environment.
SEISMIC DEMAND REDUCERS
ENERGY PRODUCERS
103
JOINING NOVELTIES
Full Displacement Screw

Piles conceived as a part of
piled raft in a seismic area
and equipped with
New Hospital in
geothermal pipes
Monselice, Italy
FOR A BETTER AND

SUSTANAIBLE
FUTURE

104
Despite adverse comments by some of the Pioneers in

Soil Mechanics (and despite attitude of Civil Engineers
to not modify their daily practice), there is a significant
role for scientific methods in pile design.
(Randolph, 2003)
(Mandolini, now)

105
Despite adverse comments by some of the Pioneers in

Soil Mechanics (and despite attitude of Civil Engineers
to not modify their daily practice), there is a significant
role for scientific methods in pile design.
(Randolph, 2003)
(Mandolini, now)
MORE “PURE” APPLIED SCIENCE


MORE SUSTANAIBILITY

106
SUSTANAIBLE PILING
ENGINEERING
Prof. Ing. Alessandro Mandolini, Ph.D.

CFP Santa Cruz 2015 Final Mandolini

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SUSTANAIBLE PILING

Sustainable development consists of balancing local and global

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

It contributes to social growth by means of cost-effective and

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

It contributes to social growth by means of cost-effective and

When dealing with pile foundations, the more suitable foundation

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

Effective, Practical, Economic

Piles must also be sound, durable and free from significant

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

Effective, Practical, Economic

Piles must be of a type that will permit access for piling

The design must recognize the limits of what is possible in current

The method of construction must recognize and seek to minimize

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

Effective, Practical, Economic

Design should maximize the bearing capacity of each pile while

The materials of the pile need also to be reasonably stressed and

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

Schmertmann & Hayes (1997)

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

Underestimated ultimate load

Schmertmann & Hayes (1997)

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

...... as well as wasted energy

Schmertmann & Hayes (1997)

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

Effective, Practical, Economic

Design should maximize the bearing capacity of each pile while

The materials of the pile need also to be reasonably stressed and

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

Effective, Practical, Economic

Design should maximize the bearing capacity of each pile while

The materials of the pile need also to be reasonably stressed and

“Maximize” has not to be intended as “the maximum possible

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

Effective, Practical, Economic

Design should maximize the bearing capacity of each pile while

The materials of the pile need also to be reasonably stressed and

“bearing capacity”  RESISTANCE

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

Axial soil-pile resistance, Rlim

R b ,lim  qb ,lim    ro2

Specific pile capacity = pile capacity per unit pile weight

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

Axial soil-pile resistance, Rlim

It can be shown that the ratio Rlim/Vp attains a

It implies that longer and/or slender piles are

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

Axial soil-pile stiffness, K = Q/w

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

There are combinations of slenderness ratio (L/d) and stiffness

A critical pile length Lc (or a critical slenderness ratio Lc/d) exists

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

Mandolini et al. (2002)

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

Mandolini et al. (2002)

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015

Mandolini et al. (2002)

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 2015

Mandolini et al. (2002)

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, May 2015