HELMINTHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

Isna Indrawati
Introduction
Study of worms that pathogens to
human being

studies biological features, geographic

distribution, the course of invasion,
diagnosis and prophylaxis and control
of helminthic diseases
Prevalence
> 1.5 billion people, or 24% of the
world’s population are infected with
soil-transmitted helminth infections
> 270 million preschool-age children
and over 600 million school-age
children live in areas where these
parasites are intensively transmitted
( WHO, 2016 )
Introduction (cont’d)
The integument of parasite helminths
resistant to digestion
Frequently provided with spine, stylet
for penetration and attachment to the
mucosa
Sexes are separated in nematoda,
Schistosoma (blood flukes) and
hermaphrodite in flat worms
 CLASSIFICATION

INTESTINAL NEMATODES
NEMATHELMINTHES

TISSUE NEMATODES

TREMATODES

PLATYHELMINTHES

CESTODES
NEMATHELMINTHES

• NEMATODES
 Morphology
• Unsegemented, cylindrical in shape
• has body cavity
• Has simple digestive system,
excretion and nervous system
• Sexes are separated
• vary in size
 Life Cycle

• usually ovipar; but some vivipar (

tissue nematoda)
• partenogenesis
• egg – larva ( 4 stages) – adult
• Mature eggs contain larva
Nematoda (cont’d)
Larva has special name :
 Intestinal nematoda : rhabditiform
and filariform larva
 Tissue nematoda : microfilaria,
L1, L2, L3, L4
Nematode

Intestinal Nematoda:
 Community health problem
 Doesn’t need intermediate host

 Differ in:

 soil transmitted helminths (STH), ex:

Ascaris lumbricoides,Necator americanus,
Ancylostoma duodenale, Strongyloides
stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura
 non STH: Oxyuris vermicularis, Trichinella
spiralis
Tissue Nematoda ( The Filariae)

 Live in tissue and lymphatic system

 Transmitted by vector
 Example: Wuchereria bancrofti
transmitted by Culex
Loa-loa ( Chrysops)
Platyhelminthes

Flat worms
Need intermediate host, except
Hymenolepis nana
Intermediate host : 1 – 2 depend
on the species ( depend on the
species)
 Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda ( Flukes ):
 dorso-ventrally flattened with
acetabulum (suckers)
 digestive system : inverted Y
shape
 Simple nervous system

 Hermaphrodite, except Schistosoma

Trematoda (cont’d)

Genital Organ :
 Male : generally 2 testes (except
Schistosoma), with variation of
shape
 Female: ovarium , uterus and
vitteline gland
• Egg with operculum, (except Schistosoma)

• Containing miracidium
Class Cestoda
Diphyllobothrium latum
Psedophyllidae
D. mansoni ( animal)

Taenia

Cyclophyllidae Hymenolepis
Echinococcus
Dipyllidium
Multiceps
Platyhelminthes (cont’d)
Class Cestoda
 Tape worm, concist of scolex and
strobila
Proglottid consist of: immature
, mature and gravid proglottid
 Scolex with suckers (attachment
organs)
 No special digestive system
Cestoda (cont’d)
 Hermaphrodite, possess both
ovaries (bilobed) and

 testes
multiples, distributed
throughout the mature proglottid.
Scolex proglotid
Cestoda (cont’d)
Eggs containing larva :
 Pseudophyllidae: coracidium
 Cyclophyllidae: hexacanth embryo

Larval stage has special name ( depend on

the genus), ex:
 cystisercus : Taenia
 cystisercoid: Hymenolepis, Dipylidium
 Hydatid cyst: Echinococcus
 Coenurus: Multiceps
Proglotid of Taenia
Thank you
Wassalamu’alaikum