SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE

CYCLE
 Classical Life Cycle model for systems involve
several phases or stages through which the
system evolves.
1.) Conceptualization
2.)Detailed Analysis
3.)System Designing
4.)System Development
5.)System Testing
6.) Implementation and Maintenance
 PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

Conceptualization

System Analysis

Design of System

Development of
Software

Systems Testing

Systems Implementation
and Maintenance
1st STAGE- Conceptualization

 During this stage one identifies a need to

improve an existing system.
 The system is at a concept stage – brainstorming
is done to find the best idea among all.
 Concepts are originating from the users or
managers of the existing system.
 At this stage no consideration is given for the
cost , effort or time frame required for
implementing the new system.
 The new system is communicated to information
specialists. The information specialists may be
from within the organization or may be external
consultants.
 With the involvement of information specialists,
the system development life cycle enters the next
phase of detailed analysis.
2nd STAGE- Detailed Analysis
 Detailed Analysis is the second phase of SDLC.
 The starting point is conceptualization of a new
system.
 Work on detailed analysis is undertaken by the
information technologist in joint consultation
with the actual users of the proposed system.
 Detailed analysis phase includes
Feasibility Study(Technical, Economic,
Operational)
Requirement Clarification
Finalization of system scope and objectives.
 Technical feasibility – is oriented to check if the
currently available technology can provide the
solution that the user is seeking.
 Economic feasibility or cost benefit analysis – is
to check if the conceptual system is
economically viable. The cost of providing the
solution is estimated and is compared with the
benefits. The benefits may or may not be
quantified.
 Operational Feasibility – is oriented towards
confirming the practicability of implementing
the conceptualised system.
The detailed analysis of the system would include –
• What is being done currently?
• How is it being done and at what frequency?
• What are the current problems and their root
causes?
• What is transaction volume?
• What are the expectations from the new system?
• How much resources and efforts will be required ?
 3rd STAGE – SYSTEM DESIGNING
 Based on the work done during the detailed analysis
phase of SDLC, the design of the proposed system is
prepared.
 The aim of the system design is to meet the system
requirements in the most effective and efficient
manner.
 The system design provides details of the system which
include :-
Inputs to the system
Outputs of the system
Data storage specifications
Processing logic
 The structured approach to System
analysis and design has provided several
useful tools for system design
documentation.
The data flow diagram, data dictionary,
decision tables, decision trees etc
 4th STAGE – SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
• During system development phase, the system
design is converted into s/w.
• The system specifications generated in the system
design phase are used as basis for development
activities like writing of computer programs,
checking and debugging the programs and
generating program documentation.
• The system development activities include
(1.) Standardization of procedures for coding and
built in documentation which includes code
maintenance, tracking the latest version of the code
Contd…..

 Standardization of user interface, consistency

in coding across several programs in a
system.
 In system development stage , individual
programs are tested and debugged.
 5th STAGE -SYSTEM TESTING
 The system testing stage of SDLC aims at verifying
if the s/w conforms to the design requirements.
 During the testing phase comparative analysis is
carried out with the history data and the outputs
available through the current system.
 The same inputs are processed through the new
system and results of the new system are
compared with the existing system.
 Fine tuning of the s/w may be undertaken on need
basis.
6th STAGE - IMPLEMENTATION
 The implementation of the s/w system involves
the system development team as well as
personnel from the user department.
 It involves activities such as user orientation
and training, s/w installation, creation of data
files and commencing the operations of the
new system.
 Depending upon the complexity of the
department, organizations choose between
pilot implementation or complete
implementation.
 A system that is implemented for use in business
organizations continues its active life for several
years. During this period, changes in the user
requirement are addressed through the system
maintenance activities.
 Any system that is in operation needs ongoing
maintenance, the maintenance may be required
due to changes in business environment and the
factors that govern business processes.
 Since ongoing maintenance is part of System
Implementation, the system implementation
phase is considered to be the longest phase in
SDLC.
 Once a system is operational for a few
months, a post implementation review is
carried out to evaluate the system.
 Purpose of post implementation review is to
find out
 Did we achieve the purpose or objective ?
 Did we make any mistakes ?
 What have we learned for the future ?

Findings of the post implementation reviews

are very important, if any mistakes are
identified in the system care can be taken
that those mistakes are not repeated.
THANKS !