Programming Concept

Chapter 9: C Structures, Unions, Bit

Manipulation, and Enumerations

Heri Prasetyo, S. Kom, M. Sc. Eng, Ph. D.

Department of Informatics
University of Sebelas Maret (UNS)
Surakarta, Indonesia
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Introduction
• Structures—sometimes referred to as aggregates—are
collections of related variables under one name.

• Structures may contain variables of many different data

types—in contrast to arrays, which contain only elements
of the same data type.

• Structures are commonly used to define records to be

stored in files (see Chapter 11, C File Processing).

• Pointers and structures facilitate the formation of more

complex data structures such as linked lists, queues,
stacks and tree.
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Introduction
• typedefs—for creating aliases for previously defined data types.

• unions—derived data types like structures, but with members that

share the same storage space.

• bitwise operators—for manipulating the bits of integral operands.

• bit fields—unsigned int or int members of structures or unions for

which you specify the number of bits in which the members are
stored, helping you pack information tightly.

• enumerations—sets of integer constants represented by identifiers.

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Structure Definition

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Self-Referential Structures

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Defining Variables of Structure

Types

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Operations That Can Be Performed on

Structures
The only valid operations that may be performed on
structures are:
• assigning structure variables to structure variables of
the same type.
• taking the address (&) of a structure variable.
• accessing the members of a structure variable.
• using the sizeof operator to determine the size of a
structure variable.

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Example

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Initializing Structures

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Example

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Execution Result

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typedef

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Example

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Execution Result

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Unions
• A union is a derived data type—like a structure—
with members that share the same storage space.

• For different situations in a program, some variables

may not be relevant, but other variables are—so a
union shares the space instead of wasting storage on
variables that are not being used.

• The members of a union can be of any data type. The

number of bytes used to store a union must be at least
enough to hold the largest member.
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Unions Declaration

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Example

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Execution Result

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Bitwise Operators
• The bitwise operators are bitwise AND (&), bitwise
inclusive OR (|), bitwise exclusive OR (^; also
known as bitwise XOR), left shift (<<), right shift
(>>) and complement (~).

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Bitwise Operators

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Displaying an Unsigned Integer in Bits

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Execution Result

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Making Function displayBits

More Scalable and Portable

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Using the Bitwise AND, Inclusive OR, Exclusive

OR and Complement Operators

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Execution Result

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Results of combining two bits with the bitwise

inclusive OR operator |.

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Results of combining two bits with the bitwise

exclusive OR operator ^.

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Using the Bitwise Left- and Right-Shift

Operators

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Execution Result

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Bitwise Assignment Operators

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Operator precedence and associativity

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Bit Fields

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Representing Card with Bit Fields

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Execution Result

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Enumeration Constants

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Using Enumerations

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Execution Result

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Thank you….

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Q&A

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