VECTOR SPACES

Sub Chapter
– General Vector Space
– Sub Space
– Basis and Dimention
– Sub Space Basis

Some Application of Space Vector

 Optimation Model
 Control System
 Operation Research
 etc

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Definition
If u and v are any two vectors in n-space (Rn),
k and l: scalar, with u   u1, u2 ,..., un  , v  (v1, v2 ,...,
, vn ) then:
• Addition
u  v   u1  v1, u2  v2 ,..., un  vn 
• Scalar Multiplication with k
ku  ku1 , ku2 ,..., kun 
• Euclidean inner product
u  v  u1v1  u 2 v 2  ...  u n v n
• Norm
u   u  u  2  u12  u22  ...  un 2
1

• Distance of two vector is defined by :

d u , v   u  v   u1  v1    u2  v2   ...   un  vn 
2 2 2

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 Definition
If u and v are any two vectors in n-space (Rn),
k and l: scalar, then:
a. u+v = v+u
b. (u+v)+w = u+(v+w)
c. u+0 = 0+u
d. u+(-u) = 0, that is u-u = 0
e. k(lu) = (kl)u
f. k(u+v) = ku+kv
g. (k+l) u = ku +lu
h. 1u = u

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 Definition
If u, v, w are any vectors in n-space (Rn), k scalar, then:
a. u.v = v.u
b. (u+v).w = u.w + v.w
c. (ku).v = k(u.v)
d. v.v ≥ 0
v.v = 0 if only if v = 0

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 Definition
If u, v are any vectors in n-space (Rn), k scalar, then:
a. ║u║ ≥ 0
b. ║u║= 0 if only if u = 0
c. ║ku║ = |k|║u║
d. u.v ≤ ║u║ ║v║ (Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality)
e. ║u+v║ ≤ ║u║ + ║v║ (Triangle Inequality)

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Example :
Let u  1, 1, 2, 3 dan v  2, 2, 1, 1
Find norm and distance of vectors as follow
Answer:
Norm of vector :
u  u  u 
1
2
 12  12  22  32  15

v  22  22  12  12  10
Distance of two vectors
d u , v   u  v  1  22  1  22  2 12  3 12
  12   12  12  22
 7

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 REAL VECTOR SPACE
Definition
Let V be an arbitrary nonempty set of objects on which two
operations are defined, addition and multiplication by scalar. If
the following axioms are satisfied by all objects u, v, w in V and
all scalars k and l, then we call V a vector space and we call the
objects in V vectors
1. u+v in V
2. u+v = v+u
3. u+(v+w) = (u+v)+w
4. There is 0 in V such that 0+u = u+0 = u
5. There is -u in V such that -u+u = u+(-u) = 0
6. ku in V
7. k(u+v) = ku + kv
8. (k+l)u = ku + lu
9. k(lu) = (kl)u
10. 1u = u

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 REAL VECTOR SPACE
Examples of Vector Space
1. Mmn (set of all mxn matrices with real entries) is a vector
space
V = Mmn with standard operations of addition and scalar
multiplication matrices

2. Rn (vectors in n-space) is a vector space

V = Rn with standard operations of addition and scalar
multiplication
The three most special case of Rn are
• R : The real numbers
• R2 : The vectors in the plane
• R3 : The vectors in 3-space
3. Pn (set of all polynomials of degree n: a0+a1x+…+anxn)
is a vector space
V = Pn with standard operations of addition and scalar
multiplication polynomial
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 SUB SPACE

Definition
A subset W of a vector space V is called subspace of V if W is
itself a vector space under the addition and scalar multiplication
defined on V

If W is set of one or more vectors from a vector space V and a,b

are vectors in W, then W is a subspace of V if only if the
following conditions hold
1. W ≠Ø
2. W  V
3. a+b is in W
4. If k is any scalar, then ka is in W

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 SUB SPACE

Example 1
Show that W : Lines through origin in plane is subspace R2

Solution
W = {(x,y) | ax + by = 0, a,b  R}
W is not empty, W is set of
Line x+y=0 and x-y=0  W
one or more vectors
Let Line1: a1x+b1y=0 and Line2 :a2x+b2y=0 are any lines in W

1. Line3= Line1+Line2 = (a1+a2)x+(b1+b2)y=0 is in W W is

subspace
2. k Line1= ka1x+kb1y = 0 is in W R2

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April 24, 2018 10
 SUB SPACE

Example 2
Is W subspace of R3 if W is defined as { (a,b,c) where a.b.c = 0}

Solution
W = {(a,b,c) where a.b.c = 0, a,b,c  R}
W is not empty, W is set of
Vector (1,2,0)  W
one or more vectors
Let a = (0,1,2), b = (2,1,0) are vectors in W
W is not
c = a + b = (2,2,2) c is not vector in subspace
W because R3
2.2.2=8≠0
* If c in W, we can 'not make conclusion that W is subspace R3

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Example 3 :
Show that W of matrices 2x2 where diagonal
elements are zero is a subspace of matrix 2x2

Solution :
0 0
1. O    W then W 
0 0
2. It is clear that W  M2x2
3. Given A, B  W
Let
 0 a1  0 b1 

A 
 and B   
 a2 0   b2 0

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 We have :
 0 a1   0 b1 
A  B      
 a2 0   b2 0 
 0 a1  b1 
  
 a2  b2 0 
It showed that A  B  W
4. Given A  W and k  Riil
 0 k a1 
kA    W
 k a2 0 
It showed that kA W

So, W is a subspace of M2x2.

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Example 4:
Determine whether a set D that contains matrices
2x2 which its determinant is zero is a subset of
matrix space 2x2

Answer :
Given A, B  W
We chose a ≠ b :

 a b  , It is clear that det (A) = 0

A   
 0 0

 0 0  , It is clear that det (B) = 0

B   
b a

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We have :

a b
A B =  
b a

Because a ≠ b
Then det (A + B ) = a2 – b2 ≠ 0

So, D does not subspace

Because D does not close under addition

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A vector u
is called linear combination of the vectors
v1, v2 , … , vn
If it can be expressed in the form :

u  k1v1  k2v2  ...  knvn

where k1, k2, …, kn are scalar.

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Example
Let u = (2, 4, 0), and v = (1, –1, 3)
are vectors in R3.
Is a linear combination of the vectors (above)

a. a = (4, 2, 6)

b. b = (1, 5, 6)

c. c = (0, 0, 0)

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Answer :
a. k1u  k 2 v  a

 2   1   4 
     
k1  4   k 2  - 1    2 
 0   3   6 
     

It can be expressed in the form

 2 1   k1   4 
     
 4 -1     2 
 0 3   k   6 
   2  

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Using ERO, we obtain:
 1 12 2   1 0 1 
 
 1 -3 -6  ~  0 1 2 

 0 3
 6   0 0 0 


So,
a is a linear combination of u and v
or
  
a  u  2v

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b. :
  
k1u  k 2 v  b
 2  1   1 
     
k1  4   k 2  
- 1   5 
 0   3  6 
     

 2 1   1 
   k1   
 4 - 1      5 
 0 3   k2   6 
   

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dengan OBE dapat kita peroleh :
2 1 1   1 12 0  1 1 1

     
2 2

 4 -1 5  ~ 0 -3 3 ~ 0 1 2
 0 3   0 3   0 3 
 6   6   0

SLE is not consistent, there is no k1 and k2

For the solution
So, b does not a linear combination of u and v

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c. We can chose k1 = 0 dan k2 = 0,
such
k1u  k2v  0, for every u and v
It is mean that Null vector nol is a linear
combination for every vectors

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Exercise
Let u = (1, 2, -1), and v = (6, 4, 2)
are vectors in R3.

Is a linear combination of the vectors (above)

a. a = (9, 2, 7)

b. b = (4, -1, 8)

c. c = (2, 6, 10)

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Span and Linearly Independent
A set
S  v1 , v 2 , ... , v n 
Is called span a vector space V
IF every vector in V is expresible as linear
combination of vectors in S.
Example:
Determine whether
v1 = (1, 1, 2),
v2 = (1, 0, 1),
span V ???
v3 = (2, 1, 3)

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Jawab :
Given an arbitrary vector space V in R3
 u1 
 
u  u2 
u 
.  3
Expressing :

u  k1v1  k 2 v2  k 3 v3
.

or :

1 1 2  k1   u1 
1 0 1  k    u 
   2  2
2 1 3  k3  u 
 3

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 Using ERO, we obtain :

SLE will consisten IF u3 – u1 – u2 = 0

It is contradiction with statement that

u is an arbitrary vector
So, vectors are not span R3

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Let S  u1 , u 2 ,..., u n 
be vector set in the vector space V
S is said linearly independent

Let homogeneous SLE :

k1u1  k2u2  ...  knun  0

Has only one solution, i.e.

k1 , 0 k 2  0 ,..., k n  0

Otherwise S is said linearly dependent

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Example :
Is u   1, 3, 2 and v  1, 1,  1
linearly independent R3
Answer :

k1u  k2v  0
or
 -1 1   0
   k1   
 3 1      0 
 2  1   k2   0
   

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using ERO, we obtain :
 -1 1 0  1  1 0 1 0 0
     
 3 1 0  ~ 0 4 0 ~ 0 1 0
 2 1 0  0 0 0 0
   1 0   

k1 = 0, dan k2 = 0.
u and v is linearly independent

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Exercise :
Are

a. u  1, 2,3 , v  (5,6, 1), w  (3,2,1)

b. x   8, 1,3 , y  (4,0,1)

c. a   2,0,1 , b  (3,2,5), c  (6, 1,1), d  (7,0, 2)

linearly independent R3 ?

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Basis and Dimention
Let V be vector space
and S = { ū1, ū2, … , ūn } is a finite set in V,
S is called a basis for V IF the following
conditions hold :
1. S spans V
2. S linearly independent

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Example :
Show that matrix berikut :

 3 6   0  1  0  8  1 0  
M  3  6,  1 0 ,  12  4,   1 2 

         


is a basis for matrix space 2 x 2 (M2x2)

Answer :
Expresing as linear combination :
3 6   0  1  0  8  1 0 a b 
k1    k2    k3  12  4  k4  1 2   c d 
3  6  1 0       
or
 3k1  k 4 6k1  k 2  8k 3  a b 
    
 3k1  k 2  12k 3  k 4  6k1  4k 3  2k 4   c d 

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We obtain an SPL :
 3 0 0 1   k1   a 
 6 1  8 0  k  b 
   2   
 3  1  12  1  k3   c 
     
 6 0  4 2   k 4   d 

Determinant of coeffisien matrix (CM) is 48

• det(CM)  0  SLE has a solution
for every a,b,c,d
So, M span M2 x 2
• When a = 0, b = 0, c = 0, d = 0,
det(CM)  0  Homogeneous SLE has only one solution
So, M is linearly independent.
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Because M is linearly independent and M spans M2 x 2
Then M is a basis for M2 x 2.

Number of element of a basis is called Dimension.

Dimension of M2 x 2 is 4.

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Exercise :

a. v1  (1,2,1), v2  (2,9,0), v3  (3,3,4) is a basis for R3?

b. u   2,1 , v  (3,0) is a basis for R2?

c. x   2, 3,1 , y  (4,1,1), z  (0, 7,1) is a basis for R3?

d. a   3,9  , b  (4, 12) is a basis for R2?

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Given a matrix :
 1  2 1 1 
  Row Vector
A 1 2 3 1 
 1  
 2 2 1 
Column Vector

Using ERO we obtain :

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matrix A has basis of Column space :
  1   1 
    
 1 ,  3  
 1   2  
    
Basis of Row Space is obtained by ERO
on At, such we have :

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matrix A has Basis of Row Space :

  1   1  
    
  2   2  
 ,   
  1   3  
 1    1 
 

Dimension of row space is equal to

Dimension of column space,
It is called rank.
So, rank of matrix A is 2.

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Example :
Given homogeneous SLE :
2p + q – 2r – 2s = 0
p – q + 2r – s =0
–p + 2q – 4r + s = 0
3p – 3s =0
Find basis of null space of SLE
Answer :
SLE can be written in the form :
 2 1 2 2 0
 
 1 1 2 1 0
 1 2  4 1 0
 
 3 0 0 3 0 

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Using ERO, we obtained :
1 0 0 1 0
 
0 1 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
 
0 0 
 0 0 0

Solution of Homogeneuos SLE is :

 p  1  0
     
 q   0  2
 r    0 a   1 b
     
 s  1  0
     
where a, b is a parameter.

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So, basis of null space of SLE :
 1  0 
   
  0  2 
 , 1 
  0  
  1   0 
 

Dimension of basis of nullspace is called nullity.
So, nullity of SLE is 2.

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Exercise
1.Write 6 3
 0 8
 
as linear combination of matrices :
 1 2 0 1  4  2
 1 3 ,  , and  
  2 4  0  2 
2. Verify the following set as linear independent set !
a.{6 – x2 , 6 + x + 4x2 }
b.{1 + 3x + 3x2, x + 4x2, 5 + 6x + 3x2, 7 + 2x – x2}
3. Is A = {6 – x2 , 6 + x + 4x2 }
span of 2nd order polynom !

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4. Determine whether the set below is a basis of
2nd order of polynom
a.{4 + 6x + x2, – 1 + 4x + 2x2, 5 + 2x – x2}
b.{– 4 + x + 3x2, 6 + 5x + 2x2, 8 + 4x + x2}
5. Let
J 
a  bx  cx
2
a 2  b2  c2 

 
be subset of vector space of 2nd order polynom.

Determine whether J is a subspace of vector space

2nd order Polynom. Find a basis if J is subspace

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6. Diberikan SPL homogen :
p + 2q + 3 r = 0
p + 2q – 3 r = 0
p + 2q + 3 r = 0,
Find basis of Solution Space of Homogeneuos SLE
and dimension.

7. Find rank of matrix :

 1  2  1 1 
1 2 3  1
 
 1 2 2  1

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