Types of Matrix 2021

Math 4123(Matrix )
Definition of Matrices
Types of matrices
Operations of matrices
Properties of matrices
Determinants
Inverse of a 33 matrix
1
Math 4123(Matrix )
Definition: A matrix is a rectangular array of

numbers enclosed by a pair of bracket and is
denoted by a capital letters A, B etc.
1 3 1 
2 3 7
A=  B = 2 1 4
1 −1 5
4 7 6
Both A and B are examples of matrix.
Why matrix?
2
Math 4123(Matrix )
 a11 a12 a1n 
a a2 n 
In the matrix A =  21
a22
  = [aij]
 
 am1 am 2 amn 
▪numbers aij (i =1,2,--- m , j=1,2,---n)are called

elements. First subscript indicates the row;
second subscript indicates the column. The
matrix consists of mn elements
▪elements a11, a22, a33,…, ann called diagonal
elements
▪number of rows(m) by number of columns(n) of
a matrix is called order of the matrix and is
written as m  n (read m by n) 3
Math 4123(Matrix )
Types of matrices
❖ Square matrix
❖ Column matrix
❖ Row matrix
❖ Equal matrix
❖ Zero matrix
❖ Upper triangular matrix
❖ Lower triangular matrix
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Math 4123(Matrix )
Types of matrices
❖ Diagonal matrix
❖ Identity or unit matrix
❖ Transpose matrix
❖ Symmetric matrix
❖ Skew-symmetric matrix
❖ Singular matrix
❖ Non –singular matrix
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Math 4123(Matrix )  a11 a12 a1n 
a a2 n 
Types of matrices
a22
A =  21
 
 
❖Square matrices  an1 an 2 ann 
If if the number of rows of a matrix A is

equal to the number of columms i.e., m=n ,
then the matrix A is called square matrix
of order n x n
▪elements a11, a22, a33,…, ann called diagonal
elements.
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Math 4123(Matrix )
Types of matrices
❖Column matrices
A matrix with only one column is
called Column Matrix , i,e
1 
A = 0 
 
8 
Matrix A is a column matrix of

Order 3x1
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Math 4123(Matrix )
Types of matrices
❖Row matrices
A matrix with only one row is
called row matrix , i,e
A = 1 2 3 4 5
Matrix A is a row matrix of

Order 1x5
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Math 4123(Matrix )
Types of matrices
❖Equal matrices
▪Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to

be equal (A = B) iff each element of A is equal
to the corresponding element of B, i.e., aij = bij
for 1  i  m, 1  j  n.
▪iff pronouns “if and only if”
if A = B, it implies aij = bij for 1  i  m, 1  j  n;
if aij = bij for 1  i  m, 1  j  n, it implies A = B.
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Math 4123(Matrices )
Types of matrices
❖Equal matrices
 1 0 a b 
Example: A=
−  and B= 
 4 2   c d 
Given that A = B, find a, b, c and d.
if A = B, then a = 1, b = 0, c = -4 and d = 2.
10
Types of matrices
❖Zero matrices
▪Every element of a matrix is zero, it is called

a zero matrix, i.e.,
0 0 0
0 0 0 
A=
 
 
0 0 0
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Types of matrices
❖Upper triangular
▪A square matrix whose elements aij = 0, for
i > j is called upper triangular, Exam.  a11 a12 a1n 
0 a22 a2 n 

 
 
0 0 ann 
Lower triangular
i < j is called lower triangular, Exam.  a11 0 0 
a a22 0 
 21
 
 
 an1 an 2 ann 
12
Types of matrices
❖Diagonal matrix
▪A square matrix whose elements aij = 0, for i  j
is called diagonal matrix, i.e.,
 a11 0 0 
0 a22 0 
D=
 
 
0 0 ann 
and is denoted by D = diag[a11 , a22 ,..., ann ]
13
Types of matrices
❖Identity matrix or Unit matrix
i  j and aij = 1, for i = j is called identity
matrix or unit matrx and is denoted by I
1 0 0 
Examples of identity matrices: 1 0 and 0 1 0
 
 0 1  0 0 1 
▪Properties: AI = IA = A
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Types of matrices
❖Transpose matrix
▪The matrix obtained by interchanging the
rows and columns of a matrix A is called the
transpose of A (write AT or A/ ).
▪For a matrix A = [aij], its transpose AT = [bij],

where bij = aji.
1 2 3
Example: A= 
1 4
 4 5 6 
The transpose of A is AT =  2 5 
 3 6 
15
Types of matrices
Transpose matrix
Properties
▪(AT)T = A and (lA)T = l AT
▪(A + B)T = AT + BT
▪(A - B)T = AT - BT
▪(AB)T = BT AT
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Types of matrices
❖Symmetric matrix
▪A square matrix A whose elements aji = aij for

all i and j is called symmetric.
1 2 3 
Example: A =  2 4 −5 is symmetric.
 3 −5 6 
Properties: AT = A
17
Types of matrices
❖Skew-symmetric matrix
▪A square matrix A whose elements aji = - aij for
i  j and aij = 0 for i = j is called skew-symmetric.
0 2 − 1
Example: A = − 2 0 2  is skew-symmetric.
 1 − 2 0 
Properties: AT = - A
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Types of matrices
Determinant of a square matrix
Determinant whose elemrnts are exactly the

same as those of a square matrix A, is called
the determinant of the matrix A and is denoted
by
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Types of matrices
❖Singular matrix
In the determinant of a square matrix A , if
, then the matrix is called singular
matrix.
1 2
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝐴 = is a singular matrix ,
3 6
1 2
since 𝐴 = =0
3 6
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Types of matrices
❖Non-singular matrix
In the determinant of a square matrix A , if
, then the matrix is called non-singular
matrix.
1 2
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝐴 = is a singular matrix ,
2 6
1 2
since 𝐴 = =2≠0
2 6
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Addition and subtraction of matrices
▪Two matrices of the same order are said to
be conformable for addition or subtraction.
▪Two matrices of different orders cannot be
added or subtracted, e.g.,
2 3 7
1 3 1 
1 −1 5  2 1 4
   
 4 7 6 
are NOT conformable for addition or

subtraction. 22
Addition and subtraction of matrices
▪If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are m  n matrices,
then A ± B is defined as a matrix C = A ± B,
where C= [cij], cij = aij ± bij for 1  i  m, 1  j 
n. 1 2 3   2 3 0
Example: if A = 0 1 4 and B = −1 2 5
   
Evaluate A + B and A – B.
 1+ 2 2 + 3 3 + 0  3 5 3
A+ B =   =
0 + (−1) 1 + 2 4 + 5 −1 3 9
 1− 2 2 − 3 3 − 0  −1 −1 3 
A− B =   =
0 − (−1) 1 − 2 4 − 5  1 −1 −1 23
Scalar multiplication
▪Let l be any scalar and A = [aij] is an m  n
matrix. Then lA = [laij] for 1  i  m, 1  j  n,
i.e., each element in A is multiplied by l.
1 2 3 
Example: A=  . Evaluate 3A.
0 1 4 
 3  1 3  2 3  3 3 6 9 
3A =   = 
3  0 3  1 3  4   0 3 12 
▪In particular, l = −1, i.e., −A = [−aij]. It’s called
the negative of A. Note: A − A = 0 is a zero matrix
24
Properties
Matrices A, B and C are conformable,
▪A + B = B + A (commutative law)
▪A + (B +C) = (A + B) +C (associative law)
▪l(A + B) = lA + lB, where l is a scalar
(distributive law)
Can you prove them?

25
Properties
Example: Prove l(A + B) = lA + lB.
Let C = A + B, so cij = aij + bij.

Consider lcij = l (aij + bij ) = laij + lbij, we have,
lC = lA + lB.
Since lC = l(A + B), so l(A + B) = lA + lB
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Matrix multiplication
▪Two matrices may be multiplied if the number
of columns in left product must equal the
number of rows in right product. This condition
is called conformable for multiplication
▪If A = [aij] is a m  p matrix and B = [bij] is a
p  n matrix, then AB is defined as a m  n
matrix C = AB, where C= [cij] with
p
cij =  aik bkj = ai1b1 j + ai 2b2 j + ... + aipbpj for 1  i  m, 1  j  n.
k =1
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 a11 a12 a13  b11 b12 b13 
Example: A = a21 a22 a23  , B = b21 b22 b23  , find AB.
 
a31 a32 a33  b31 b32 b33 
Solution: Since order of A is 3 3 and order

of B is 3 3 , i,e conformable for multiplication
AB
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 a11 a12 a13  b11 b12 b13 

Solution: AB = a21 a22 a23  b b b
 21 22 23 

a31 a31 a33  b31 b31 b33 
 a11b11 + a12b21 + a13b31 a11b12 + a12b22 + a13b32 a11b13 + a12b23 + a13b33 

= a21b11 + a22b21 + a23b31 a21b12 + a22b22 + a23b32 a21b13 + a22b23 + a23b33 
 a11b31 + a12b31 + a33b31 a31b12 + a32b22 + a33b32 a31b13 + a32b23 + a33b33 
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 −1 2
1 2 3 
Example: A=  , B =  2 3, Evaluate C = AB.
 0 1 4 
 5 0 
Answer: Since order of A is 2  3 and order
of B is 3 2 , i,e conformable for multiplication
AB
 −1 2
1 2 3    c21 = 0  (−1) + 1 2 + 4  5 = 22
0 1 4   2 3 
   5 0
 
cont 30
 c11 = 1  (−1) + 2  2 + 3  5 = 18
 −1 2   c = 1 2 + 2  3 + 3  0 = 8
 1 2 3     12
0 1 4   2 3  
   5 0 c21 = 0  (−1) + 1  2 + 4  5 = 22
   c22 = 0  2 + 1  3 + 4  0 = 3
 −1 2
1 2 3    18 8
C = AB =    2 3 =  
 0 1 4   5 0  22 3
  31
▪In particular, A is a 1  m matrix and
B is a m  1 matrix, i.e.,  b11 
b 
A =  a11 a12 ... a1m  B =  21 
 
 
bm1 
then C = AB is a scalar.
m
C =  a1k bk1 = a11b11 + a12b21 + ... + a1mbm1
k =1
32
▪BUT BA is a m  m matrix!
 b11   b11a11 b11a12 b11a1m 
b  b a b21a12 b21a1m 
BA = 
 
21 
 a11 a12 ... a1m  = 

21 11

   
 m1 
b bm1a11 bm1a12 bm1a1m 
▪So AB  BA in general !
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Properties
Matrices A, B and C are conformable,
▪A(B + C) = AB + AC
▪(A + B)C = AC + BC
▪A(BC) = (AB) C
▪AB  BA in general
▪AB = 0 NOT necessarily imply A = 0 or B = 0
▪AB = AC NOT necessarily imply B = C 34
▪AB BA in general. However, if two square
matrices A and B such that AB = BA, then A
and B are said to be commute.
Can you suggest two matrices that must

commute with a square matrix A?
▪If A and B such that AB = -BA, then A and B

are said to be anti-commute.
35
Example21: Verify that (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 , where
1 1 5 1 0 1
𝐴 = 2 2 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 2 1 2
4 3 2 3 1 0
1 1 5 1 0 1
Solution: 𝐴𝐵 = 2 2 1 2 1 2
4 3 2 3 1 0
1×1+1×2+5×3 1×0+1×1+5×1 1×1+1×2+5×0
= 2×1+2×2+1×3 2×0+2×1+1×1 2×1+2×2+2×0
4×1+3×2+2×3 4×0+3×1+2×1 4×1+3×2+2×0
18 6 3 18 9 16
𝑇
= 9 3 6 ∴ 𝐴𝐵 = 6 3 5
16 5 10 3 6 10
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1 2 3 1 2 4
: 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 = 0 1 1 1 2 3
1 2 0 5 1 2
1×1+2×1+3×5 1×2+2×2+3×1 1×4+2×3+3×2
= 0×1+1×1+1×5 0×2+1×2+1×1 0×4+1×3+1×2
1×1+2×1+0×5 1×2+2×2+0×1 1×4+2×3+0×2
18 9 16
= 6 3 5
3 6 10
Hence (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 verified .
37
38
Problem: If A is a square matrix , then
show that A + AT is symmetric and A – AT
is skew-symmetric.
Proof: Since A and B are symmetric ,i,e.

A = AT and B =BT . (A + AT )T = AT +(AT) T =
AT +A = A + AT . Hence A+B is symmetric .
Again (A - AT )T = AT -(AT) T = AT –A =
-(A - AT ). Hence A – AT is skew-symmetric.
39
Problem: If A and B are symmetric (skew-
symmetric ) matrices , then A +B and A – B
are also symmetric.
Proof: Since A and B are symmetric , i,e

A = AT and B =BT . (A + B )T = AT +BT = A +B .
Hence A+B is symmetric . Again (A - B )T =
AT -BT = A -B . Hence A – B is symmetric.
40
Problem: Every square matrix can be
expressed in one and only one way as the
sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric
matrix.
Solution: For a square matrix A, we have
A + AT is symmetric and A – AT is skew-
symmetric. Obviously (A + AT ) = P is also
symmetric and ( A – AT ) = Q is also
skew-symmetric. (Cont)
41
Clearly A = (A + AT ) + ( A – AT ) = P +Q
which is the sum of symmetric and skew-
symmetric.
Now we are show that this representation
is unique
(Cont)
42
Let A=P+Q and A=R+S be two
representation of A with P , R symmetric
and Q , S skew-symmetric
Now from A=R+S , we have = AT =(R+S) T
= RT +S T = R –S
So, P = (A + AT ) = (R+S+R-S)=R
Q = (A -AT ) = (R+S – R +S)= S
Hence the representation is unique
43
Problem: If A and B are symmetric
matrices , then show that AB +BA is
symmetric and AB – BA is skew-symmetric.
Proof: Since A and B are symmetric , i,e
A = AT and B =BT .
(AB + B A)T = (AB)T +(BA)T = BT AT +AT BT
= B A +A B= A B+ B A . Hence AB+BA is
symmetric .
(Cont)
44
Again (AB - B A)T = (AB)T -(BA)T = BT AT - AT BT

= B A -A B= - (A B- B A) . Hence AB - BA is
skew-symmetric .
45
1.3 Types of matrices
Orthogonal matrix
▪A matrix A is called orthogonal if AAT = ATA = I,
i.e., AT = A-1
1/ 3 1/ 6 −1/ 2 
 
Example: prove that A = 1/ 3 −2 / 6 0  is
 
orthogonal. 1/ 3 1/ 6 1/ 2 
 1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3 
 
Since, A =  1/ 6 −2 / 6 1/ 6 
T
. Hence, AAT = ATA = I.
 
 −1/ 2 0 1/ 2  Can you show the
details?
We’ll see that orthogonal matrix represents a
rotation in fact! 46
1.4 Properties of matrix
▪(AB)-1 = B-1A-1
▪(AT)T = A and (lA)T = l AT
▪(A + B)T = AT + BT
▪(AB)T = BT AT
47
Determinants
Determinant of order n
 a11 a12 a1n 
a a22 a2 n 
Determinant of n n matrix A =  21
 
 
 an1 an 2 ann 
is denoted | A | , is a number and is

representation by
48
Determinants
whose order is n
49
Determinants
The following properties are true for
determinants of any order.
1. If every element of a row (column) is zero,
e.g., 1 2
= 1 0 − 2  0 = 0 , then |A| = 0.
0 0
determinant of a matrix
2. |AT| = |A|
= that of its transpose
3. |AB| = |A||B|
50
Minors of elements
If A is a square matrix, then the minor of
the element in the i-th row and j-th column
i,e aij is the determinant of the submatrix
formed by deleting the i-th row and j-th
column.
1 0 1 
Example A = 2 1 2 , minors of element a11 = 1
3 1 0
1 2
is 1 0
= −2,
51
Cofactor of elements
The cofactor of an element aij is obtained

by multiplying the minor of element aij by
(-1)i+j and is denoted by Aij
1 0 1 
 2 1 2 a12 = 0
Example A =   , cofactor of element
3 1 0
1+ 2 2 2
is A12 = (−1) =6
3 0 52
Cofactor of elements
Properties
 A , when i = j

3
aij Aij = 
j =1 o , when i  j
1 0 1 
Proof: Let A = 2 1 2
3 1 0
(Cont)
53
•Cofactor of elements
1 2 2 2 2 1
A11 = = −2, A12 = − = 6, A13 = = −1
1 0 3 0 3 1
0 1 1 1 1 0
A21 = − = 1, A22 = = −3, A23 = − = −1
1 0 3 0 3 1
0 1 1 1 1 0
A31 = = −1, A32 = − = 0, A33 = =1
1 2 2 2 2 1
(Cont)
54
Determinants
•Cofactor of elements(cont)
1 0 1
A = 2 1 2 = 1(0 − 2) − 0(0 − 6) + 1(2 − 3) = − 3
3 1 0
A = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 = 1(−2 ) + 0( 6 ) + (−1) = −3
A = a21 A11 + a22 A12 + a23 A13 = 2(−2 ) + 1( 6 ) + 2(−1) = 0
proof
55
•Cofactor of elements
Example: Find the cofactor matrix of the

1 0 1 
matrix A =  2 1 2
 
3 1 0
Solution:
1 2 2 2 2 1
A11 = = −2, A12 = − = 6, A13 = = −1
1 0 3 0 3 1
(Cont)
56
0 1 1 1 1 0
A21 = − = 1, A22 = = −3, A23 = − = −1
1 0 3 0 3 1
0 1 1 1 1 0
A31 = = −1, A32 = − = 0, A33 = =1
1 2 2 2 2 1
− 2 1 − 1
 Cofactor matrix of A is  6 − 3 0 
 − 1 − 1 1 
57
0 1 1 1 1 0
A21 = − = 1, A22 = = −3, A23 = − = −1
1 0 3 0 3 1
0 1 1 1 1 0
A31 = = −1, A32 = − = 0, A33 = =1
1 2 2 2 2 1
− 2 1 − 1
 Cofactor matrix of A is  6 − 3 0 
 − 1 − 1 1 
58
Adjoint of a square matrix
The adjoint of a square matrix A is the

transpose of the matrix formed by the
cofactors of the elements of the
determinant of the matrix A and is denoted
by adjA
59
Properties
1. A(adjA) = (adjA) A = A I
2. adjAB = (adjB) (adjA)
3. (adjA) = adj( A )
T T
60
1. A(adjA) = (adjA) A = A I
Proof:
 a11 a12 a1n   A11 A21 An1 
a A A2 n 
a2 n  A22 ...
Let then adjA =  12
a22
A =  21  
 
   
 an1 an 2 ann   A1n A2 n ... Ann 
Cont: 61
 a11 a12 a1n   A11 A21 An1 
a a2 n  A
a22 A22 ... An 2 
A (adjA) =  21  12
   
   
 an1 an 2 ann   A1n A2 n ... Ann 
 a11 A11 + a12 A12 + − − + a1n A1n a11 A21 + − − + a1n A2 n a11 A1n + − − +a1n Ann 
a A + a A + − − +a A a A + − − +a A ... a21 A1n + − − + a2 n Ann 
=  21 11 22 21 2 n n1 21 21 2n 2n
 
 
 an1 A11 + an 2 A21 + − − + ann An1 an1 A21 + − − + ann A2 n ... an1 An1 + − − +ann Ann 
Cont: 62
A 0 0 1 0 0
  0 1 ... 0 
=  0 A ... 0 = A   = AI
   
   
 0 0 ... A  0 0 ... 1 
63
2. adjAB = (adjB) (adjA)
Proof:We have ( AB ) ( adjAB ) = AB I − −(1)
since ( AB ) ( adjB adjA) = A( B adjB) adjA
 ( AB ) ( adjBadjA) = A B I adjA = B AI adjA
 ( AB ) ( adjBadjA) = B AadjA = B A I
 ( AB ) ( adjBadjA) = AB I − − ( 2 )
From (1) and (2) we get
adjAB = (adjB ) (adjA)
64
Example21: Verify the property 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐵)(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴),
1 0 1 1 0 1
where 𝐴 = 2 1 2 and 𝐵 = 0 1 2
3 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 2 1 1
Solution: 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶 = 2 1 2 0 1 2 = 4 3 4
3 1 0 1 1 0 3 1 5
3 4 4 4 4 3
𝐶11 = = 11, 𝐶12 = − = −8, 𝐶13 = = −5
1 5 3 5 3 1
1 1 2 1 2 1
𝐶21 = − = −4, 𝐶22 = = 7, 𝐶23 = − =1
1 5 3 5 3 1
1 1 2 1 2 1
𝐶31 = = 1, 𝐶32 = − = −4, 𝐶33 = =2
3 4 4 4 4 3
(Cont) 65
𝑇
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 11 −4 1
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) = 𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 = −8 7 −4
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 −5 1 2
1 0 1
𝐴= 2 1 2
3 1 0
1 2 2 2 2 1
𝐴11 = = −2, 𝐴12 = − = 6, 𝐴13 = = −1
1 0 3 0 3 1
0 1 1 1 1 0
𝐴21 = − = 1, 𝐴22 = = −3, 𝐴23 = − = −1
1 0 3 0 3 1
0 1 1 1 1 0
𝐴31 = = −1, 𝐴32 = − = 0, 𝐴33 = =1
1 2 2 2 2 1
(Cont) 66
𝑇
𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13 −2 1 −1
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = 𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐴23 = 6 −3 0
𝐴31 𝐴32 𝐴33 −1 −1 1
1 0 1
𝐵= 0 1 2
1 1 0
1 2 0 2 0 1
𝐵11 = = −2, 𝐵12 = − = 2, 𝐵13 = = −1
1 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 0
𝐵21 = − = 1, 𝐵22 = = −1, 𝐵23 = − = −1
1 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 0
𝐵31 = = −1, 𝐵32 = − = −2, 𝐵33 = =1
1 2 0 2 0 1
(Cont) 67
𝑇
𝐵11 𝐵12 𝐵13 −2 1 −1
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐵 = 𝐵21 𝐵22 𝐵23 = 2 −1 −2
𝐵31 𝐵32 𝐵33 −1 −1 1
−2 1 −1 −2 1 −1
∴ (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐵)(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = 2 −1 −2 6 −3 0
−1 −1 1 −1 −1 1
11 −4 1
= −8 7 −4 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) verified .
−5 1 2
(Cont) 68
Adjoint of a square matrix(cont)
21Example: Find the adjoint matrix of the matrix
1 −1 4
𝐴= 2 1 2
3 1 0
1 2 2 2 2 1
Solution: 𝐴11 = = −2, 𝐴12 = − = 6, 𝐴13 = = −1
1 0 3 0 3 1
−1 4 1 4 1 −1
𝐴21 = − = 4, 𝐴22 = = −12, 𝐴23 = − = −4
1 0 3 0 3 1
−1 4 1 4 1 −1
𝐴31 = = −6, 𝐴32 = − = 6, 𝐴33 = =3
1 2 2 2 2 1
𝑇
𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13 −2 4 −6
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴] = 𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐴23 = 6 −12 6
𝐴31 𝐴32 𝐴33 −1 −4 3
69
Example: Find the adjoint matrix of the
matrix
3 0 0 1
1 1 0 
1
A=
0 0 1 2
 
1 0 0 1
(Cont) 70
Solution:
1 0 1 1 0 1
A11 = 0 1 2 = 0 + 0 + 1 = 1 ,A12 = − 0 1 2 = 1 + 0 −1 = 0
0 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
A13 = 0 0 2 = −2(0 − 1) = 2, A14 = − 0 0 1 = −1
1 0 1 1 0 0
(Cont) 71
0 0 1 3 0 1
A21 = − 0 1 2 = 0, A22 = 0 1 2 = (3 − 1) = 2
0 0 1 1 0 1
3 0 1 3 0 0
A23 = − 0 0 2 = 0 A24 = 0 0 1 = 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
(Cont) 72
0 0 1 3 0 1
A31 = 1 0 1 = 0, A32 = − 1 0 1 = 0
0 0 1 1 0 1
3 0 1 3 0 0
A33 = 1 1 1 = 3 − 1 = 2 A34 = − 1 1 0 = 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
(Cont) 73
0 0 1 3 0 1
A41 = − 1 0 1 = −1, A42 = 1 0 1 = −3 + 1 = −2
0 1 2 0 1 2
3 0 1 3 0 0
A43 = − 1 1 1 = −2(3 − 0) = −6, A44 = 1 1 0 = 3
0 0 2 0 0 1
(Cont) 74
 A11 A21 An1   1 0 0 −1

A A22 ... 
A2 n   0 2 
0 −2 
adjA =  12 =
  2 0 2 −6 
   
 A1n Ann 
 −1
A2 n ... 0 0 3
75
Exercise
Find the adjoint matrix of the following
matrix
1 0 1   −2 1 −1
 
1. A =  2 1 2 Ans.  6 −3 0 
 
 3 1 0   −1 −1 1 
(Cont) 76
1 0 1   −1 1 −2
 
2. A =  2 2 1  Ans.  3 −3 1 
 
 3 1 0   −4 −1 2 
2 1 3  4 −2 −5
  Ans. 0 4 −2 
3. A = 0 2 1   
 0 0 2  0 0 4 
77
Inverse matrix
▪If two non singular (i,e A  0 ) square
matrices A and B such that AB = BA = I, then
B is called the inverse of and is denoted by
the symbol A-1 and is defined by
−1 adjA
A =
A
Properties
−1 T T −1
* (A ) = (A )
−1 −1 −1
* ( AB ) = B A
(Cont)
78
Inverse matrix
Properties
−1
Pr oof : ( AB ) ( AB ) =I
 B −1 A−1 ( AB ) ( AB ) −1 = B −1 A−1 I
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1
 B (( A A) B ) ( AB ) = B ( A I )
−1 −1 −1 −1
 B ( IB ) ( AB ) = B A
−1 −1 −1 −1
 ( B B ) ( AB ) = B A
 I ( AB ) −1 = B −1 A−1  ( AB ) −1 = B −1 A−1
79
Example:
1 2 3 
Find A-1 , where A = 0 4 5 
1 0 6 
Answer: Here cofactors are

4 5 0 5 0 4
A11 = = 24 A12 = − =5 A13 = = −4
0 6 1 6 1 0
2 3 1 3 1 2
A21 = = −12 A22 = =3 A23 = − =2
0 6 1 6 1 0
2 3 1 3 1 2
A31 = = −2 A32 = − = −5 A33 = =4
4 5 0 5 0 4
(Cont) 80
1 2 3 
Hence Cofactor matrix of A = 0 4 5  is then
given by: 1 0 6 
 24 5 −4
 −12 3 2 
 
 −2 −5 4 
 24 −12 −2
 adjA =  5 3 −5
 −4 2 4 
(Cont) 81
Inverse matrix
 24 −12 −2
−1 adjA 1  
 A = =  5 3 −5
A 22
 −4 2 4 
82
1 −1 1 2
Example3 : Find inverse matrix of 𝐴 = 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 2
1 0 0 1
Solution:
1 0 1 1 0 1
𝐴11 = 0 1 2 = 1, 𝐴12 =− 0 1 2 =0
0 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
𝐴13 = 0 0 2 = 2, 𝐴14 =− 0 0 1 = −1
1 0 1 1 0 0
−1 1 2 1 1 2
𝐴21 =− 0 1 2 = 1, 𝐴22 = 0 1 2 =1
0 0 1 1 0 1
1 −1 2 1 −1 1
𝐴23 =− 0 0 2 = 2, 𝐴24 = 0 0 1 = −1
1 0 1 1 0 0
83
−1 1 2 1 1 2
𝐴31 = 1 0 1 = −1, 𝐴32 =− 1 0 1 =0
0 0 1 1 0 1
1 −1 2 1 −1 1
𝐴33 = 1 1 1 = −1, 𝐴34 =− 1 1 0 =1
1 0 1 1 0 0
−1 1 2 1 1 2
𝐴41 =− 1 0 1 = −1, 𝐴42 = 1 0 1 = −1
0 1 2 0 1 2
1 −1 2 1 −1 1
𝐴43 =− 1 1 1 = −4, 𝐴44 = 1 1 0 =2
0 0 2 0 0 1
84
1 1 −1 −1
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = 0 1 0 −1 and
2 2 −1 −4
−1 −1 1 2
𝐴 = 𝑎41 𝐴41 +𝑎42 𝐴43 + 𝑎43 𝐴43 + 𝑎44 𝐴44
= −1 + 0 + 0 + 2 = 1
1 1 −1 −1
= 0 1 0 −1
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
Hence 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑛𝑠
𝐴 2 2 −1 −4
−1 −1 1 2
85
Exercise
Find the inverse matrix from adjoint of the following Matrices
2 1 5 4 −2 −9
1
1 0 2 1 Ans 0 4 −2
8
0 0 2 0 0 4
5 6 7 −3 21 6
1
2 1 0 1 Ans 2 −14 2
18
2 3 0 3 −3 −6
1 2 3 4 −3 1 2 −1
3 2 3 4 5 Ans 3 −1 −3 2
3 4 5 7 −2 3 0 −1
3 5 5 7 1 −2 1 0
1 2 2 5 −2 −2
4 1 3 2 Ans −1 1 0
1 2 3 −1 0 1
86

Types of Matrix 2021

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Types of Matrix 2021

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Math 4123(Matrix )

Definition: A matrix is a rectangular array of

▪numbers aij (i =1,2,--- m , j=1,2,---n)are called

If if the number of rows of a matrix A is

Matrix A is a column matrix of

Matrix A is a row matrix of

▪Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to

▪Every element of a matrix is zero, it is called

and is denoted by D = diag[a11 , a22 ,..., ann ]

▪For a matrix A = [aij], its transpose AT = [bij],

▪A square matrix A whose elements aji = aij for

Determinant of a square matrix

Determinant whose elemrnts are exactly the

are NOT conformable for addition or

Can you prove them?

Example: Prove l(A + B) = lA + lB.

Let C = A + B, so cij = aij + bij.

Solution: Since order of A is 3 3 and order

 a11 a12 a13  b11 b12 b13 

 a11b11 + a12b21 + a13b31 a11b12 + a12b22 + a13b32 a11b13 + a12b23 + a13b33 

Can you suggest two matrices that must

▪If A and B such that AB = -BA, then A and B

Proof: Since A and B are symmetric ,i,e.

Proof: Since A and B are symmetric , i,e

Again (AB - B A)T = (AB)T -(BA)T = BT AT - AT BT

is denoted | A | , is a number and is

The cofactor of an element aij is obtained

A = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 = 1(−2 ) + 0( 6 ) + (−1) = −3

A = a21 A11 + a22 A12 + a23 A13 = 2(−2 ) + 1( 6 ) + 2(−1) = 0

Example: Find the cofactor matrix of the

The adjoint of a square matrix A is the

 A11 A21 An1   1 0 0 −1

Answer: Here cofactors are

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