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Pemicu 5 Eko Blok Repro
Pemicu 5 Eko Blok Repro
Eko Siswanto
405150087
KISTA DAN ABSES KELENJAR
BARTOLINI
KISTA DAN
ABSES
KELENJAR
BARTOLINI
• Disebabkan oleh sumbatan pada kelenjar
bartolini
• Sumbatan disebabkan pembentukan
jaringan parut setelah infeksi / trauma
• Kelenjar bartolini
• Terletak di 1/3 posterior setiap
labium majus
• Muara duktus sekretorius → tepat di
depan himen pada posisi jam 4 dan
8
Gejala • Asimptomatik
• Simptomatik
Dispareunia
Nyeri vagina
Kesulitan pemakaian tampon / vaginal devices lainnya → obstruksi
Gejala urinarius
Terdapat massa yang dapat diraba
Mikroskopik
• Terdapat fibrosis di beberapa stroma dan tidak
mengindikasikanperubahan ke arah malignant
Etiologi
Kista lendir servik uterus disebabkan oleh penutupan duktus
kelenjar nabothian pada servik uterus.
Tata Laksana
• Kista nabothian pada dasarnya tidak memerlukan penanganan lebih
lanjut. Karena akan menghilang dengan sendirinya, namun pada kasus
dimana kista tersebut membesar didalam leher rahim.
• Trauma persalinan
• Paritas
• Tekanan intra abdominal kronik
• Usia
• Kelainan bawahan
• Ras
Gejala
• Sesuatu yang turun atau keluar dari liang kemaluan
• Terasa atau teraba ada benjolan di liang kemaluan
• Terasa pegal didaerah belakang atau punggung
• Susah berjalan
• Perdarahan pervaginam
• Inkontinensia urin
• Konstipasi
• Gangguan bersenggama
Klasifikasi
Adolescent women:
• tampons that are forgotten and may not be removed for days.
• The breakage of a condom may also result in bits of latex or non-latex material being
left in the vaginal vault.
Adults :
• may place foreign objects into the vagina as part of a sexual experience or for sexual
stimulation.
• Less commonly, unusual objects may be placed in the vagina as the result of abuse.
• forgotten tampons or bits of a condom.
Sign and symptoms foreign body :
• Skin redness (erythema)
Common symptoms : • Swelling of the vagina and entrance to
• Vaginal discharge, generally foul-smelling vagina
and yellow, pink, or brown • Rash in the vaginal area
• Vaginal bleeding, especially light bleeding
• Vaginal itching or foul odor Symptoms associated with chronic foreign
• Urinary symptoms such as discomfort with body placement in the vagina or due to
urination (dysuria) complications of chronic foreign body
placement (such as fistulae) :
• Vulvar discomfort due to vaginal discharge • disorders of urination or bowel function,
producing skin irritation
• Abdominal / pelvic pain from placement of • loss of bladder control (incontinence)
large objects or perforation of a foreign • abnormal bowel function.
body into the peritoneal cavity • blood in the urine or stool
• Larger objects may obstruct urination.
Foreign bodies that perforate the vagina may
also result in serious systemic symptoms :
abdominal pain, distortion, fever, or signs
of serious infection
D/:
If children:
• Ask about losing object (?)
• perform a general history and physical examination.
• It is appropriate for the health care professional to ask about
questions related to sexual activity and sexual or physical abuse.
If young girl:
• examine the vulva and vaginal entrance by separating the labia
and glimpsing the foreign object.
If adolescent :
• Visualization of the foreign body using a speculum and removal with a forceps may
be the most efficient treatment.
• Unusual objects or those that may disrupt the vaginal wall may require sedation or
anesthesia for removal, and to complete a thorough exam of the vagina and cervix.
• A rectal exam in addition to a vaginal exam may be required to find the presence or
location of a foreign body.
• If has been present in the vagina for a long time may cause erosion into the wall
of the vagina.
• Acute placement of an unusual object in the vagina cause perforation of the
vaginal wall and secondary symptoms of an intra-abdominal infection.
• Although examination generally reveals the presence of a foreign body, some
imaging techniques may also be helpful : CT, MRI, abdominal x-ray. USG may also
assist in the location of a foreign body in the vagina or pelvis.
Treatment : Removal
• Menemukan benda asing dalam vagina pada pemeriksaan
ginekologis
• Pengaruh corpus alienum dalam vagina tergantung bentuk dan
jenis benda tersebut
• Benda yang terbuat dari kain infeksi dan leukorea berbau
• Benda tidak steril perdarahan, sepsis
• Penanganan:
• Mengeluarkan benda asing dalam vagina
• Melakukan pemulihan bentuk anatomik vagina dengan
cara menghindari berhubungan seksual hingga iritasi
sembuh
Abses folikel rambut & kelenjar sebasea
Abses disebabkan oleh terhalangnya Gejala :
minyak pada kelenjar sebasea dan • Masa atau benjolan dengan pertumbuhan yang lambat;
terjadi peradangan pada folikel rambut • Dapat berukuran beberapa milimeter hingga sentimeter
yang menyebabkan kuman masuk di • Papul, yakni benjolan berbentuk setengah kubah berukuran mulai
bawah kulit atau ke dalam kelenjar, dari 3 mm hingga beberapa sentimeter, dan dapat digerakkan dari
yang menyebabkan respon inflamasi jaringan sekitarnya. Pada perabaan konsistensi lunak-kenyal, tidak
berupa pembengkakan pada jaringan padat. Berwarna putih atau sedikit kekuningan
kulit yang menyebabkan rasa sakit • Terkadang demam, nyeri, panas (akut)
sebagai pertahanan tubuh untuk
membunuh kuman
Terapi:
• Topical antiseptik treatment is adequate for most cases
• Topical antibiotik such as mupirocin or Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin ointment.
• Some patients may benefit from systemic narrow-spectrum penicillinase-resistant penicillins (such as
dicloxacillin in US, or flucloxacillin in UK)
• Fungal folliculitis can worsen with antibiotics and may require an oral antifungal such as fluconazole. Topical
antifungals such as Econazole Nitrate may also be effective.
Pelvic organ prolapse
(Cystocele)
• Cystocele prolapse of the bladder into the vagina = anterior vaginal
prolapse
• Urinary stasis with a cystocele infection
• lateral (detachment of the pericervical fascia from the ATFP; about 80-85% of
cases)
• lower or upper abdominal pain / pelvic pain pelvic exam and asks about your symptoms and health history
• painful or frequent urination • Urine test check samples of your urine for signs of infection.
• nausea and vomiting • Blood tests check samples of your blood in the lab for
problems.
• painful intercourse
• Vaginal or cervical culture take a sample of mucus or cells
• Fever 100.4° F (38°C) or higher
from your vagina or cervix and check them for infection.
• Vaginal discharge with bad odor
• Pelvic USG look at images of your pelvic organs. (During
ultrasound, painless sound waves create images)
• HSG of the nodular area with severe SIN shows several pockets (diverticula)
containing the introduced contrast material.
• It is observed that no dominant channel is seen as the contrast flows through the
tube. This means there appears to be no direct pathway for sperm to travel which
increases the chances of a tubal pregnancy.
radiopaedia.org
Treatment
• by endoscopic surgery.
Complications:
• subfertility
For outpatient treatment, the CDC lists 2 currently accepted treatment regimens, labeled as A and B.
Regimen A :
• Metronidazole 500 mg orally twice daily for 14 days can be added if there is evidence or suspicion of
vaginitis or if the patient underwent gynecologic instrumentation in the preceding 2-3 weeks
Regimen B :
• Cefoxitin 2 g IM once as a single dose concurrently with probenecid 1 g orally in a single dose, or
another single-dose parenteral third-generation cephalosporin (eg, ceftizoxime or cefotaxime) plus
• Metronidazole 500 mg orally twice daily for 14 days can be added if there is evidence or suspicion of
vaginitis or if the patient underwent gynecologic instrumentation in the preceding 2-3 weeks
Servisitis kronika
• Servisitis kronika adalah infeksi menahun akibat luka-luka pada
serviks karena partus/abortus yang disebabkan masuknya kuman-
kuman kedalam endoserviks dan kelenjar-kelenjarnya.
Gambaran patologis dapat ditemukan :
Serviks
• Kelihatan normal
• Pada pemeriksaan mikroskop ditemukan leukosit dalam stroma
endoserviks
• Pengeluaran secret agak putih-kuning
Portio
• Sekitar ostium eksternum tampak kemerahan
• Secret yang dikeluarkan terdiri atas mucus bercampur nanah
Sobekan pada serviks uteri lebih luas
• Mukosa endoserviks lebih kelihatan dari luar (ekstroplon)
• Mukosa lebih mudah kena infeksi dari vagina
• Karena radang menahun, serviks bisa menjadi hipertropi dan
mengeras
• Secret mukosa purulen bertambah banyak
Pengobatan
• Pap smear
• Biopsi untuk memastikan tidak adanya Ca
Therapi
• Dilakukan kanterisasi radial sehingga terjadi nekrosis
• Jaringan yang meradang terlepas kira-kira 2 minggu, lambat laun diganti
jaringan sehat
• Bila radang menahun mencapai endoserviks jauh kedalam kanalis servikalis
dilakukan ronisasi dengan mengangkat sebagian besar mukosa endoserviks
• Jika infeksi sangat luas dilakukan amputasi serviks
Abses Tuba Ovarium (ATO)
• Radang bernanah yg tjd pd ovarium dan atau tuba fallopi pd satu sisi /
kedua sisi adneksa
• Etiologi : paling srg disebabkan o/ gonococcus, di samping itu o/
staphylococcus & bakteri
Gejala Klinis
• Demam tinggi dg menggigil
• Nyeri kiri & kanan di perut bagian bawah t.u kalau ditekan
• Mual dan muntah
• Kadang2 ada tanesmi
• Toucher :
• Nyeri kalau portio digoyangkan
• Nyeri kiri & kanan dari uterus
• Kadang2 ada penebalan dari tuba (N : tuba yg sehat tak teraba)
• Nyeri pd ovarium krn meradang
Patofisiologi
• Adanya penyebaran bakteri dari vagina ke uterus lalu tuba dan atau parametrium
salpingitis dg/ tanpa ooforitis, keadaan ini bs tjd pd pasca abortus, pasca
persalinan / stlh tindakan genekologik sblmnya
• Pd awalnya, lumen tuba msh terbuka mengeluarkan eksudat yg purulen dari
fimbriae peritonitis, ovarium sbgmana struktur lain dlm pelvis mengalami
peradangan, tmpt ovulasi dpt sbg tmpt msk infeksi
• Abses bs mengenai tmpt msknya infeksi, bs terbatas mengenai tuba dan ovarium,
dpt pula melibatkan struktur pelvis yg lain seperti usus besar, buli-buli atau
adneksa yg lain
• Proses peradangan dpt mereda spontan/ sbg respon pengobatan, biasanya
menimbulkan perubahan anatomi disertai perlekatan fibrin thdp organ
terdekatnya
• Apbl parah pecahnya abses
Diagnosa
• Bdsrkn gejala klinis & anamnesis : riwayat infeksi daerah panggul dg
umur antara 30-40 tahun (25-50% pd nulipara)
• Pem. lab : lekositosis (pd 60-80% kasus)
• Foto abdomen : bila ada tanda2 ileus, dan/ curiga adanya masa di
adneksa
• Ultrasonografi : bisa dipakai pd kecurigaan adanya ATO/ adanya masa
di adneksa u/ melihat ada tdknya p’bntkn kantung2 pus, u/ evaluasi
kemajuan terapi
Tatalaksana
• ATO yg pecah kasus darurat perlu dilakukan laparatomi pasang
drain kultur nanah
• Stlh dilakukan laparatomi diberikan sefalosporin generasi III &
metronidazol 2 x 1 gr selama 7 hari (1 mgg)
Penyakit Radang Panggul
• Pelvic inflammatory disease or pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID) is
an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive
system namely the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and inside of
the pelvis. Often there may be no symptoms. Signs and symptoms,
when present may include lower abdominal pain, vaginal
discharge, fever, burning with urination, pain with sex, or irregular
menstruation.
• The disease is caused by bacteria that spread from the vagina and
cervix. Infections by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia
trachomatis are present in 75 to 90 percent of cases.
• Risk factors are similar to those of sexually transmitted
infections generally and include a high number of sexual
partners and drug use.
• Efforts to prevent the disease include not having sex or having few
sexual partners and using condoms.
Epidemiologi
• Globally about 106 million cases of chlamydia and 106 million cases
of gonorrhea occurred in 2008.The number of cases of PID however,
is not clear. It is estimated to affect about 1.5 percent of young
women yearly. In the United States PID is estimated to affect about
one million people yearly.
Etiologi
• Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are
usually the main cause of PID. Data suggest that PID is
often polymicrobial.
• The anatomical structure of the internal organs and tissues
of the female reproductive tract provides a pathway for
pathogens to ascend from the vagina to the pelvic cavity.
Sign and Symptoms
• PID doesn’t always cause symptoms, but you might notice some of
the following:
• Pain in your lower pelvis
• Heavy discharge from your vagina with an unpleasant odor
• Bleeding
• Pain during sex
• Pain when you pee or trouble peeing
• Fever and chills
Pemeriksaan Fisik dan Penunjang
• Upon a pelvic examination, uterine(portio) tenderness will
be experienced.
• Imaging methods, such as ultrasonography, computed
tomography (CT), and magnetic imaging (MRI), can aid in
diagnosis. Blood tests can also help identify the presence of
infection: the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), the C-
reactive protein (CRP) level
• Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), direct fluorescein
tests (DFA), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
(ELISA) are highly sensitive tests that can identify specific
pathogens present.
Treatment
• For women with PID of mild to moderate severity,
parenteral and oral therapies appear to be effective. Typical
regimens include cefoxitin or cefotetan plus doxycycline,
and clindamycin plus gentamicin.
• An alternative parenteral regimen
is ampicillin/sulbactam plus doxycycline.
• Another alternative is to use a parenteral regimen
with ceftriaxone or cefoxitin plus doxycycline.
Complications
• PID can cause scarring inside the reproductive system, which can later
cause serious complications, including chronic pelvic pain, infertility,
ectopic pregnancy (the leading cause of pregnancy-related deaths in
adult females), and other complications of pregnancy. Occasionally,
the infection can spread to in the peritoneum causing inflammation
and the formation of scar tissue on the external surface of
the liver (Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome)
Prevention
• Using barrier methods such as condoms; see human
sexual behavior for other listings.
• Seeking medical attention if you are experiencing
symptoms of PID.
• Using hormonal combined contraceptive pills also helps in
reducing the chances of PID by thickening the cervical
mucosal plug & hence preventing the ascent of causative
organisms from the lower genital tract.
• Reducing the number of sexual partners.
Differential Diagnosis
• A number of other causes may produce similar symptoms
including appendicitis, ectopic pregnancy, hemorrhagic or
ruptured ovarian cysts, ovarian torsion, and endometriosis
and gastroenteritis, peritonitis, and bacterial vaginosis
among others.
Fistula
• A genitourinary fistula : abnormal communication between the urinary (ureters, bladder, urethra)
and the genital (uterus, cervix, vagina) systems
• Pathophysiology :
• Injury tissue damage & necrosis inflammation cell regeneration
• Injury site : angiogenesis 3-5 days : fibroblasts proliferation, synthesize & deposit ECM
(collagen) = fibrosis phase 7 days : peak collagen deposition & continues for several weeks
remodeling (scar maturation & organization) disruption fistula
• Defect tend to present 1 – 3 weeks after tissue injury tissues are most vulnerable to
alterations in the healing environment (hypoxia, ischemia, malnutrition, radiation,
chemotherapy) wound’s edge : epithelialize chronic fistulous tract
• Vesicovaginal fistulas : characterized
by size & location in the vagina
• High vaginal : proximal
• Midvaginal : central
• Low vaginal : distal
• Posthyterectomy vesicovaginal
fistulas : often proximal, located
at the level of the vaginal cuff
Et/ :
• Imperforate hymen
• related genital tract anomalies result from abnormal or incomplete embryologic development such as
transverse vaginal septum
USG
Typically shows an anechoic mass along the extent of the vagina but not involving the uterus.
Endometriosis
TERAPI :
• Analgetika
• Hormonal, hormon-hormon streoid, estrogen, progesteron, pemberian terus menerus setiap hari
selama 6-9 bulan minimal 1 tahun. Lanjutkan 2-3 tahun, dosis 30-50mg/ hari.
• Pembedahan dengan mengangkat sarang-sarang endometriosis.
• Radiasi bertujuan untuk menghentikan fungsi ovarium. Tidak dilakukan lagi, kecuali jika ada
kontra indikasi terhadap pembedahan.
Kehamilan Ektopik
• Kehamilan ektopik suatu kehamilan yg pertumbuhan sel telur
yg telah dibuahi tidak menempel pada dinding endometrium,
>95% berada di tuba fallopii
• Patfis sel telur yg telah di buahi perjalanan nya tersendat
menuju endometrium, shg embrio sdh berkembang sblm
mencapai kavum uteri akan tjd perdarahan jk tempat nidasi
tsbt tdk dpt menyesuaikan diri dg besarnya perkembangan
embrio
• Berdasarkan lokasi:
• Kehamilan tuba (>95%) tdri atas: pars ampularis (55%), pars ismika
(25%), pars fimbrae (17%)
• Kehamilan ektopik lain (<5%) antara lain di serviks, ovarium atau
abdominal
• Kehamilan intraligamenter (sgt sdikit)
• Kehamilan heterotopik, mrpkan kehamilan ganda dmna satu janin
berada di cavum uteri dan yg lain mrpkan kehamilan ektopik
• Kehamilan ektopik bilateral
Etiologi
• Faktor yg menyebabkan hambatan nidasi embrio ke
endometrium:
• Faktor tuba infeksi tuba(lumen menyempit), pasca operasi
rekanalisasi, hipoplasia uterus, tuba yg berkelok dan silia yg tdk
berfungsi baik, endometriosis tuba, divertikel tuba kongenital,
tumor (mioma uteri, tumor ovarium)
• Faktor abnormalitas dari zigot zigot tumbuh terlalu cepat/
terlalu besar shg tersendat di tuba
• Faktor ovarium ovum yg ditangkap oleh tuba yg kontralateral
• Faktor hormonal progesteron menyebabkan gerakan tuba
melambat
• Faktor lain IUD, umur, perokok
Patologi
• Embrio yg tdk mencapai endometrium tumbuh di tuba akan mengalami
bbrp hal:
• Hasil konsepsi mati dini dan di resorbsi pd implantasi scra kolumner,
ovum yg dibuahi cepat mati akrena vaskularisasi kurang lalu diresorbsi
total, pd keadaan ini penderita hnya mengalami keterlambatan haid
• Abortus ke dalam lumen tuba (abortus tubaria) akibat perdarahan pd
dinding tuba tempat implantasi shg embrio terlepas dan masuk ke ostium
tuba pars abdominalis (sering pd kehamilan pars ampularis), pd keadaan
ini penderita mengalami perdarahan terus menerus lalu tuba membesar
dan kebiruan (hematosalping) lalu darah mengalir ke rongga perut melalui
ostium tuba. Darah akan terkumpul di kavum Douglasi dan membentuk
hematokel retrouterina
• Ruptur dinding tuba tjd bila ovum berimplantasi pada ismus (kehamilan
muda) dan implantasi pada pars interstisialis (kehamilan lanjut). Faktor
utama penyebab ruptur adalah penembusan vili korialis ke lap muskularis
dan peritoneum. Tjd perdarahan dlm rongga perut, syok, kematian. Bila
psudokapsularis pecah , makan tjd perdarahan dalam lumen tuba
Gambaran Klinik
• Biasanya dokter dan penderita tdak mengetahui adanya kelainan smp tjdnya
abortus atau ruptur tuba
• Pem vaginal, uterus membesar dan lembek, nyeri goyang +, cavum douglasi
menonjol dan nyeri pd perabaan, pd abortus tuba teraba tumor disamping
uterus
• Pem bimanual tuba lembek dan sukar diraba
• Pem USG uterus tdk ada kantong gestasi dan kantong gestasi berada di
luar uterus, jk ruptur mk kantong gestasi terlihat hiperekoik dan tidak
beraturan, tidak berbatas jelas, disekitarnya terdapat cairan bebas, terdpt
cairan eksudat (dihslkan sel desidua) yg terlihat sbg struktur cincin anekoik
yg disebut kantong gestasi palsu/ pseudogestational sac
• Jk tdk terdpt USG kuldosentesis
• Jk kehamilan ektopik mngalami ruptur sakit/nyeri perut mendadak,
perdarahan, syok, pingsan
• Jk tjd abortus nyeri perut, dpt menjalar ke perut tengah ataupun seluruh
perut, nyeri bahu (akibat darah pd rongga perut merangsang diafragma),
defekasi nyeri (jk terbentuk hematokel retrouterina)
• Perdarahan pervaginam
• Amenorea
Pd kehamilan ektopik di pars ampula
Diagnosis tuba yg blm pecah bisa dicoba
ditangani dengan kemoterapi
(digunakan metotreksat 1mg/kg IV dan
faktor sitrovorum 0,1 mg/kg IM
berselang seling , selama 8 hari) untuk
menghindari pembedahan dg syarat: –
kehamilan di pars ampula tuba belum
pecah –diameter kantong gestasi ≤4cm
–perdarahan dlm rongga perut ≤100ml
–tanda vital baik dan stabil
Prognosis
• Kematian karena kehamilan ektopik terganggu cenderung turun dg
diagnosis dini dan persediaan darah yg cukup
• Akan ttpi jk pertolongan terlambat, maka angka kematian dapat tinggi
Ca endometrium
Karsinoma ovarium
Germ cell tumors
Embryonic Extra-embryonic
Primitive germ cell
differentiation differentiation
Dysgerminoma
KARSINOMA
Disgerminoma
• Tumor ganas solid yang bersifat radiosensitif dan memberikan
respons terhadap khemoterapi.
• Dijumpai pada wanita muda.
• Histologis terlihat sel2 bulat besar dengan inti besar, sitoplasma
granuler, sel2 tersusun dalam kelompok membentuk
trabekula/alveolar. Gambaran ini serupa dengan seminoma testis.
Tumor menyebar ke kelenjar paraaorta
Teratoma Ovarium
• Teratomas constitute 15% to 20% of ovarian tumors
• Predilection to arise in the first 2 decades of life
• the younger the person, the greater the likelihood of
malignancy
• Def: a special type of mixed tumor that contains
recognizable mature or immature cells or tissues
representative of more than one germ cell layer and
sometimes all three.
• Sign&symptom:
• Asymptomatic
• Mature cystic teratomas of the ovary are often discovered as
incidental findings on physical examination, during radiographic
studies, or during abdominal surgery performed for other
indications
• abdominal pain
• Usually: constant and ranges from slight to moderate in intensity
• mass or swelling
• abnormal uterine bleeding
• Bladder symptoms, gastrointestinal disturbances, and back
pain are less frequent
• Diagnosed: CT ; MRI
• Classification:
• Benign (Mature) Cystic Teratomas
• Immature Malignant Teratomas
• Specialized Teratomas
Benign (Mature) Cystic Teratomas
• = dermoid cyst
• Almost all: marked by the presence of mature tissues derived from all
three germ cell layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
• Ectoderm (skin derivatives and neural tissue)
• Mesoderm (fat, bone, cartilage, muscle)
• endoderm (eg, gastrointestinal and bronchial epithelium, thyroid tissue)
• Most are discovered in young women as ovarian masses or are found
incidentally on abdominal radiographs or scans
• About 90% are unilateral,
• the right side more commonly affected.
• Rarely do these cystic masses exceed 10 cm in diameter
• grow slowly at an average rate of 1.8 mm each year
• Diagnosed: CT ; MRI
• Complication:
• For unknown reasons, these neoplasms sometimes produce (in 10% to 15% of
cases)
Immature Malignant Teratomas
• Malignant (immature) teratomas are found early in
life
• The mean age at clinical detection being 18 years.
• They differ strikingly from benign mature teratomas :
• Bulky; typically larger (14–25 cm) than mature cystic
teratomas
• predominantly solid on cut section, and punctuated by
areas of necrosis
• microscopic examination, the distinguishing feature is
presence of immature elements or minimally differentiated
cartilage, bone, muscle, nerve, or other tissues
Specialized Teratomas
• = Monodermal teratomas
• A rare subtype of teratoma
• composed entirely of specialized tissue/ predominantly or
solely of one tissue type.
• 3 main types of ovarian monodermal tumors:
• struma ovarii,
• The most common
• ovarian carcinoid tumors,
• tumors with neural differentiation.
• Struma ovarii
• composed predominantly or solely of mature thyroid tissue that
demonstrates acini filled with thyroid colloid
• Tumors: small, solid, unilateral brown ovarian masses
• Carcinoid tumors of the ovary
• are uncommon
• usually occur in postmenopausal women
ADENOMIOSIS
• Pertumbuhan endometrium menembus membrana basalis →
ditemukan di dalam miometrium
• Etiologi tidak diketahui pasti → mungkin disebabkan erupsi membran
basalis dan trauma berulang
http://www.columbiaobgyn.org/condition_treatments/uterine-anomaly#.VwuYyvl9601
Ovarium polikistik
• Ditandai dg adanya pertumbuhan byk kista pd ovarium bilateral
• Tjd pd usia reproduksi
• Tjd pembesaran ovarium & folikel mengandung cairan
• Etiologi :
• Peningkatan androgen
• Genetik
• Peningkatan insulin
• Gejala :
• Amenorea
• Heavy / irregular bleeding
• Infertilitas
• Peningkatan pertumbuhan rambut
• Jerawat
• Tatalaksana non-medikamentosa :
• Exercise
• Rendah lemak
• Konsumsi karbohidrat kompleks -> whole-grain breads and
cereals, whole-wheat pasta, bulgur wheat, barley, brown
rice, and beans.
• Limit less healthy, simple carbohydrates such as soda,
excess fruit juice, cake, candy, ice cream, pies, cookies and
doughnuts.
• Tatalaksana medikamentosa :
• Pil kontrasepsi
• Klomifen
• Injeksi FSH dan LH
• spironolaktone
Ferriman Gallway Scoring System
- Merokok
Rokok dpt menurunkan fertilitas perempuan perokok aktif, maupun pasif.
Penurunan fertilitas juga dialami oleh lelaki yang memiliki kebiasaan merokok
- Berat Badan
Perempuan obesitas (IMT >29) terbukti mengalami keterlambatan hamil. Usaha
terbaik untuk menurunkan BB adalah dengan olahraga serta mengurangi asupan
kalori
Organik
A. Masalah Vagina
Terjadinya proses reproduksi manusia sangat terkait dengan kondisi
vagina yang sehat dan berfungsi normal. Masalah pada vagina memiliki
kaitan erat dengan peningkatan kejadian infertilitas.
• Dispareunia
Merupakan masalah kesehatan yang ditandai dengan rasa tidak
nyaman atau rasa nyeri saat melakukan sanggama
• Faktor serviks
- Servisitis: menyebabkan kesulitan sprema untuk masuk ke dalam
kavum uteri