The Position of Ancient Korea

Assessed through Intermarriage

with Global Empire
— Orientated towards the Western Princess Hur from Ayodhya.

Daisung Han

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 INDEX

• I. Re-examination of conception of history and its methods and

record.
• II. Advent of Western Princess and cultural interface between
Ancient Korea and India.
• III. The Cause of Advent of Western Princess reconstructed by
Practice of Royal marriage of the Mongol Empire.
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 I. Re-examination of conception of history

•What is History?
• History is not the past itself .
• But a trial for reconstruction of the past based on
available data.
• Thus a historian is a re-constructor of the past.
• History is list of narratives in which
reconstruction of past is attempted.
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 I. Re-examination of Historical records

• Korean two historical records

• The Orthodoxical record the History of the Three Kingdoms
삼국사기in its early parts is not considered as Historical
record in modern academic sense.
• The Complemental History of the Three kingdoms삼국유사
is generally considered to be corrupted with Buddhist
manipulation and does not match for proper History.
• Both of the records handed down us with only 16th Century
manuscripts at earliest.
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I. Re-examination of Historical methodology
• The only dated ancient monument Tomb of King Muryeong excavated
only within 17 hours.
• Can we date excavated artifacts only with its shape?

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 I. Re-examination of History

•The Analysis of textual and

archaeological data shows we don’t
have indubitable and firm history.
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 II. Advent of Western Princess

• According to the complemental History of the Three

kingdoms, a princess of Ayodhya Empire named Hur
came to Korea in a ship with red sail and red flags,
and married to a Korean King around 48 A.D..

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 II. Advent of Western Princess

•Sceptists are asserting that there were neither

trouser for women nor Stupa with fifth floors in

the first century AD.

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But we still have stupa’s miniature of the time
in a museum(New York MP).

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Artifacts from Tillya Tepe prove women in
the first century wore trouser.

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II. Cultural Interface between the Two Countries

•If a princess came from the West, then we

must assume close cultural and social
relationship between the twos for a long time.
•Lest it would not match with our common
sense.
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II. Cultural Interface between the Two Countries
• Principle of Eternal Sound appear in the narrative of King Suro:

There is mysterious eternal sound occurred in the

northern part where they live. Two to three hundreds
assembled there and observed the presence of the like
human voice. It had no shape but only spoke: “Are there
anyone?,” “Where am I?,” and “the Emperor of the
heaven ordered me to build a country here”
— the complemental History of the Three kingdom
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II. Cultural Interface between the Two Countries
• This principle of eternal sound(常聲) is held by the
most ancient school of Mimāṃsā, and its theory called
Śabda nityatva vāda.
• It is not only unique in Korean historical narrative but
also peculiar any of religio-philosophical system of the
world.

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II. Cultural Interface between the Two Countries
• Identification of Korean King Suro kim and Indian
god Surya
• Its possible relation purposed by Dr. Jinwon Jung
who hold PhD degrees in Linguistics and
Buddhism.
• There are more than coincidence of similarity
between Ancient Korean and Indian language, and
thus require Academic attention on the topic.
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Identification of Korean King and Indian god

• The name of king Suro means chariot.

• Count Chariot車得公 introduce himself “Gentleman Dan-O
端午居士.
• Dan-O is a traditional festival and is Suri in Ancient Korean.
• The root of Sūrya is svar and it signifies Sun or light. But
King Suro also suggested as solar king seen from his
tombstone.
• King and God are considered as synonym in the Ancient.
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Hellenistic Apollo with chariot came later

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 Surya in the Ancient India.
• The most ancient image of god in India is Surya.
• It is in the 19th cave of Bhaja, Maharastra, built around
2nd B.C.
• Scholars assume the character with chariot as god
Surya and with elephant as god Indra, but its unique in
many aspects.

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Most Archaic image of Indian gods
in Bhaja caves, 2nd B.C. 18
Identification of Korean King and Indian god

•An image trod on an evil is typically a

description of a king in Persia. Thus the
character riding on a chariot appear to be a
real king rather than a god.
•The character on the right side seems to be a
god who authorizes the king as is the case
can be seen in Persian sculptures.
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•The cute cap put on by a character on the elephant seems identical with
selenic deity presents on a mural painting of Ancient Korea Gogyurea.
•Thus the deity riding on the elephant seems to be selenic god and it is
consistent with the name of the founder of the Kushan empire Guardian of the
Moon月護 Chandra Gupta.
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II. Cultural Interface between the Two Country
• The name of the country Gaya加耶 generally assumed
as Buddhist influence or forgery.
• Gaya generally rendered as cow-head or elephant-head
• Why king Suro adopted cow-head as the country name?
• The other name of the country is Kara加羅, and its
meaning is black.

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• Cow-head generally indicates a god with cow-head(zoomorphic) in the
ancient, thus Gaya seems to mean cow-headed black god.

Black Fire deity with cow-head in a Gogyurea tomb. 22

• In ancient India, Gaya is also a holy deity or asura who can
deliver to heaven by meeting or even just by seeing.

Oldest Bodh-Gaya Relief with cow-head deity. 23

Solar and Selenic deity are common
characters in Korean fairy tales.

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But it also appears in the Stupa of Kanishka

Image of Kanishka with solar and selenic deities in his relic casket. 25
Solar Motif in the tombstone of King Suro

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Solar Wheel appears in a medallion
excavated in Tillya Tepe

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The two Solar motifs seems identical.

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 Indica of Megastenes
• It mentions people who hold same name of ancient
Korea(Shilla).
• The river’s name is the Silas(신라); it flows ··· Through
the dominions of the Silaeans(신라인), who again are
called after the river and the fountain.

• As Silla is typically indicates Korea in the ancient, confirmed

through Persian and Arabian sources, it requires further
investigation.
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• Dionysos instructed the Indians to let their hair grow long in
honour of the god, and to wear the turban(상투) — Indica

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 • Their beverage is a liquor composed from rice막걸리 instead of barley,
food is principally a rice-pottage국밥.
• When the Indians are at supper a table is placed before each person,
this being like a tripod.

Indian Tripod table Korean Tripod pot Korean rice-wine

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III. The Cause of Advent of Western Princess
• If the Western princess ever came to Korea, then our
question here is “why?”.
• It would be absurd to think a princess go to marry to a
stranger in a far country.
• We thus going to trace the reason through custom of
Mongol Empire which too has close relationship with
Korea.

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III. Practice of Royal marriage of Mongol Empire.

• A princess only married to an alliance tribe or country

to strengthen its military tie. In Mongol empire, such
marriage is typical and called “kuda.”

• Mongol royal family and its people overall show

matrilineal society. The system adopted for men
should go for war and often were killed.

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 III. Practice of Royal marriage of Mongol Empire.

• There one very important princess comes, whose name

is Alakai. She married to the most important ally thus
paly a significant role in building the empire.
• Moreover, she connects the two societies through
intermarriage between royal members and its nobles.
• As she contributed a lot to the empire, the Emperor
Chingiz Khan grants title of the Princess General of
the Empire(2nd position in the Empire).
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 III. Practice of Royal marriage of Mongol Empire.

• Tradition of the Princess General of the Empire

reappear after the chaotic situation of the empire
and its beneficiary is Korean king Chungryul 충
렬왕(1236~ 1308 AD).
• During king Chungryul reign, he sent a Korean
widow to an Indian king to marry and received
gifts for the cause.
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 III. Similarity of Mongol and Indo princess
• Tradition of the Princess General of the Empire
also can be seen in Indian history.
• Megastenes mentions of the only daughter of
Herakles Pandaia, and the land in which she was
born, and with the sovereignty of which Herakles
entrusted her, was called after her name, Pandaia.

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 III. The Western Princess Hur as of the
Princess General of the Empire
• Princess Hur also came with two nobles and
other attendants, and the daughter and grand-
daughter of the nobles married to the then kings.
Thus they influenced the kingdom for three
generations and 236 years.
• From the fact, we might infer that the Princess
Hur played the role of the Princess General of the
Empire at that time.
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The End
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