HYDRAULIC AND

ENERGY GRADIENTS IN
A STRAIGHT PIPE
OTHER PIPE FORMULAS
 CHEZY EQUATION

𝑽 = 𝑪 𝑹𝑺
Where:
𝟖𝒈
𝑪=
𝒇
𝑨
𝑹= = 𝒉𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒄 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔
𝑷
𝑺 = 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑨 = 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘
𝑷 = 𝑾𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓
Note:
i. For circular section flowing full, R = D/4
ii. For non-circular sections. Use D = 4R in solving Re
 MANNING EQUATION

𝟏 𝟐ൗ 𝟏ൗ
𝑽= 𝑹 𝟑𝑺 𝟐
𝒏
where:
𝑉 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐴
𝑅 = = ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
𝑃
𝑆 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
 HAZEN – WILLIAMS EQUATION

𝟎.𝟔𝟑 𝟎.𝟓𝟒
𝒇𝒕
𝑽 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝑪𝟏 𝑹 𝑺
𝒔
Where:

𝐶1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 7.5 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒 370

Pipe Discharging from a Reservoir

𝑽𝟐
𝑯 = 𝒉𝒄 + 𝒉𝒇 +
𝟐𝒈
Pipe Between Two Reservoirs

𝑯 = 𝒉𝒄 + 𝒉𝒇 + 𝒉𝒆
PIPE SYSTEM IN SERIES
PIPE SYSTEM IN PARALLEL