PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

 Sympathetic nervous system stimulation

 Renin-angiotensin system activation
 Altered cardiac rhythm
 Compensatory mechanisms
 Enlargements
 Hypertrophy, cardiac dilatation or both.
 Tachycardia
 Norepinephrine
 Renin-angiotensin aldosterone mechanism.
 Myocardial contractility
 Stretching
 Cardiac dilatation