Atomic structure 2.

1
The Electron, Proton, Neutron
• The electron
• 1.602 x 10-19 C – charge
(negative)
• 9.11 x 10-31 Kg – mass
• It revolves around the nucleus as
per Bohr’s model.
• The Proton
• Opposite charge of electron
• Mass is 1.6726 x10-27kg
• Neutron
• Neutal charge
• 1.6749 x 10-27 Kg
• Its larger than proton in terms of
mass.
• Both proton and neutrons are
made of quarks. 1 up quark (2/3
+ charge) 2 down quarks ( each
with negative 1/3 charge)
Isotope
• An atom with same atomic no. but different atomic mass. Therefore
isotopes have different no. of neutrons in the atom.
• Example:
• 1H protium has 1 proton and 1 electrons no neutron.
• 2H deuterium has one proton and one neutron
• 3H Tritium has one proton, I e, 2 n.
Definition of terms
• Atomic number (Z) = number of proton
• Atomic Mass (A) = Number of Proton + no. of neutron
• Mole : 6.023 x 1023 atoms/molecules
• Isotope: same Z, different A
Bohr’s Model
• That the electron has a quantized energy level. Represented by an
orbit. He said that the lowest energy level or ground state of the
electron is near to the nucleus. But when the atom is exposed to heat
or energy the electron will jump to the next state. Since the electron
will seek stability it will release energy to be back to the ground state.
• This is good for hydrogen but for more number of electrons this
definition is not quite accurate, thus we have the wave-particle
model. Using the schrodinger wave equation. Said that the electron
cannot be located only as particle but it must be considered as a
wave. Thus the next model…
Quantum mechanical model
• This model define the location of electrons in terms of 4 quantum
numbers:
• Principlal quantum number, K,L,M,N…or 1,2,3,4-shell
• Azimuthal QN, shape of the cloud where the electron probably
located, spdf – subshells
• Magnetic QN, -1,0,1
• Spin QN, -1/2 or ½ or up / down.